Impact of Fire on Steel Reinforcement of R.C.C Structures

With the increased incidents of major fires in buildings; assessment, repairs and rehabilitation of fire damaged structures has become a topical interest. This is a specialized field involves expertise in many areas like concrete technology, material science and testing, structural engineering, repair materials and techniques etc. Research and developmental efforts are being carried out in this area and other related disciplines. In this topic the experience of real life problems are presented which add immense value to this. This topic also gives a comprehensive knowledge on the overall strategy for the restoration of fire damaged buildings and also presents a critical appraisal of the assessment procedures by different non destructive techniques, specifications and execution of repair techniques

Fault Localization in Large-Scale Network Policy Deployment

The recent advances in network management automation and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) are easing network policy management tasks. At the same time, these new technologies create a new mode of failure in the management cycle itself. Network policies are presented in an abstract model at a centralized controller and deployed as low-level rules across network devices. Thus, any software and hardware element in that cycle can be a potential cause of underlying network problems. In this paper, we present and solve a network policy fault localization problem that arises in operating policy management frameworks for a production network. We formulate our problem via risk modeling and propose a greedy algorithm that quickly localizes faulty policy objects in the network policy. We then design and develop SCOUT---a fully-automated system that produces faulty policy objects and further pinpoints physical-level failures which made the objects faulty. Evaluation results using a real testbed and extensive simulations demonstrate that SCOUT detects faulty objects with small false positives and false negatives.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures, IEEE format, Conference, SDN, Network Polic

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ABSTRAC

TGF-β Inducible Early Gene 1 Regulates Osteoclast Differentiation and Survival by Mediating the NFATc1, AKT, and MEK/ERK Signaling Pathways

TGF-β Inducible Early Gene-1 (TIEG1) is a Krüppel-like transcription factor (KLF10) that was originally cloned from human osteoblasts as an early response gene to TGF-β treatment. As reported previously, TIEG1−/− mice have decreased cortical bone thickness and vertebral bone volume and have increased spacing between the trabeculae in the femoral head relative to wildtype controls. Here, we have investigated the role of TIEG1 in osteoclasts to further determine their potential role in mediating this phenotype. We have found that TIEG1−/− osteoclast precursors differentiated more slowly compared to wildtype precursors in vitro and high RANKL doses are able to overcome this defect. We also discovered that TIEG1−/− precursors exhibit defective RANKL-induced phosphorylation and accumulation of NFATc1 and the NFATc1 target gene DC-STAMP. Higher RANKL concentrations reversed defective NFATc1 signaling and restored differentiation. After differentiation, wildtype osteoclasts underwent apoptosis more quickly than TIEG1−/− osteoclasts. We observed increased AKT and MEK/ERK signaling pathway activation in TIEG1−/− osteoclasts, consistent with the roles of these kinases in promoting osteoclast survival. Adenoviral delivery of TIEG1 (AdTIEG1) to TIEG1−/− cells reversed the RANKL-induced NFATc1 signaling defect in TIEG1−/− precursors and eliminated the differentiation and apoptosis defects. Suppression of TIEG1 with siRNA in wildtype cells reduced differentiation and NFATc1 activation. Together, these data provide evidence that TIEG1 controls osteoclast differentiation by reducing NFATc1 pathway activation and reduces osteoclast survival by suppressing AKT and MEK/ERK signaling

Effect of orthodontic treatment on pharyngeal airway and adjacent soft tissues: A lateral cephalogram-based retrospective study

Background: There is inconsistent data on the effect of fixed orthodontic treatment on the pharyngeal airway dimensions. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of orthodontic treatment on airway. Methods: Fifty patients who completed their fixed orthodontic treatment were selected for the study. Pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms were collected. The airway parameters studied were Superior Posterior Airway Space, Middle Airway Space, Inferior Airway Space, and Vertical Airway Length, while the soft tissues analysed were the height of the tongue, length of the tongue, thickness of soft palate, and length of the soft palate. The measurements of these parameters were done on all the cephalograms and were tabulated and statistically analysed. Results: There was a significant decrease in the middle airway space in the non-extraction group, while the remaining parameters did not show any significant variation. In the extraction group, there was no significant variation in any of the parameters analysed. Conclusion: There was a significant reduction in the middle airway space, while no significant variation in the upper, lower airway, and vertical airway length in non-extraction cases after the orthodontic treatment. None of the airway parameters and adjacent soft tissues showed any significant variation post-orthodontic treatment in extraction cases