Women and leadership working paper series: Paper no. 6: Women in international assignments: The Australian experience

Businesses are increasingly operating within an international environment, where the human and financial costs of failure are more serious than the domestic arena, and expatriate failure is reported to be a persistent and recurring problem for multinational corporations (Scullion, 1994). The successful implementation of global strategies depends heavily upon the existence of an adequate pool of nationally and internationally experienced managers with a diversity of talent. Adler ( 1993a, p55) has argued that the option of limiting international management to one gender is an arm-chair \u27luxury\u27 that no company can afford . Given the need to develop global teams with a variety of different perspectives and leadership competencies (Limerick & Cunnington, 1993; Dunphy & Stace, 1992), barriers to the appointment of women expatriates have become a critical issue for consideration by management practitioners and academics..

Breaking the glass border: Barriers to global careers for women managers

The identification and placement of managers who can meet the business challenges at both local and international level is critical to the success of a company\u27s overseas operations. North American and British research shows that, while organisations may be prepared to promote women into their domestic managerial hierarchy, few women currently have access to international careers through expatriate management appointments. This report describes an investigation of the selection, placement and management development by Australian organisations of women for international managerial assignments. Interest in this topic arose from the outcomes of the Industry Task Force on Leadership and Management Skills (1995), known as the Karpin Report. This suggested, amongst other things, that Australian organisations should develop international managers. The study aimed to identify barriers to women managers\u27 global placements, which constitute a glass border . It sought to provide information for human resource managers on processes and actions necessary for utilising the total workforce efficiently and effectively. The research was conducted by questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews

Snorkellers' environmentally conscious behaviour after visiting the Great Barrier Reef

The majority of tourists who visit Australia’s Great Barrier Reef (GBR) engage in snorkelling. Yet little is known about how snorkellers perceive this experience. The aim of this study was to investigate snorkeller behaviour by exploring their environmental opinions and to provide insights on the association between climate concerns and environmentally conscious behaviours of snorkellers. A self-administered questionnaire (n = 273) was distributed onboard reef tourism vessels visiting the study area. Approximately one-third of respondents believe that climate change and global warming are major threats to the GBR. Regression results indicate the environmentally conscious behaviour model (ECBM), a modified version of the norm activation model, is effective in understanding how a snorkeller’s level of climate concern (LCC) both directly and indirectly activates and influences a snorkeller’s environmentally conscious behaviour (ECB). LCC has a positive direct effect on ECB, and a positive indirect effect via environmental identity (EI), and personal environmental norms (PEN)

Assessing Alkali-Metal Effects in the Structures and Reactivity of Mixed-Ligand Alkyl/Alkoxide Alkali-Metal Magnesiates

Advancing the understanding of using alkali‐metal alkoxides as additives to organomagnesium reagents in Mg−Br exchange reactions, a homologous series of mixed‐ligand alkyl/alkoxide alkali‐metal magnesiates [MMg(CH(2)SiMe(3))(2)(dmem)](2) [dmem=2‐{[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]methylamino} ethoxide; M=Li, 1; Na, 2; (THF)K, 3] has been prepared. Structural and spectroscopic studies have established the constitutions of these heteroleptic/heterometallic species, which are retained in arene solution. Evaluation of their reactivity towards 2‐bromoanisole has uncovered a marked alkali‐metal effect with potassium magnesiate 3 being the most efficient of the three ate reagents. Studies probing the constitution of the exchange product from this reaction suggest that the putative [KMgAr(2)(dmem)](2) (Ar=o‐OMe−C(6)H(4)) intermediate undergoes redistribution into its single metal components [KAr](n) and [MgAr(dmem)](2) (5). This process can be circumvented by using a different potassium alkoxide containing an aliphatic chain such as KOR’ (R’=2‐ethylhexyl) which undergoes co‐complexation with Mg(CH(2)SiMe(3)) to give [KMg(CH(2)SiMe(3))(2)(OR’)](2) (7). This ate, in turn, reacts quantitatively with 2‐bromoanisole furnishing [KMgAr(2)(OR’)](2) (9) which is stable in solution as a bimetallic compound. Collectively this work highlights the complexity of these alkali‐metal mediated Mg−Br exchange reactions, where each reaction component can have a profound effect not only on the success of the reaction; but also the stability of the final metalated intermediates prior to their electrophilic interception

Generating Return Vistor Website Traffic

Revisit traffic into a website arises when the consumer is in pursuit of website offerings that are sufficiently in line with their motivations and/or with their desired outcomes. This one hundred week study upgrades and changes a business website over time. In six stages, the website is changed from static to interactive environments. At each website change the levels of functionality, interactivity and/or external post are altered to determine their effect on website traffic. Findings offered herein suggest a website’s consumer targeting should be monitored from multi-perspectives

Rapid diversification of the Australian <i>Amitermes</i> group during late Cenozoic climate change

Late Cenozoic climate change led to the progressive aridification of Australia over the past 15 million years. This gradual biome turnover fundamentally changed Australia’s ecosystems, opening new niches and prompting diversification of plants and animals. One example are termites of the Australian Amitermes group (AAG), consisting of the Australian Amitermes and affiliated genera. Although the most speciose and diverse higher termite group in Australia, little is known about its evolutionary history. We used ancestral range reconstruction and diversification analyses to illuminate 1) phylogenetic relationships of the AAG, 2) biogeographical processes leading to the current continent-wide distribution and 3) timing and pattern of diversification in the context of late Cenozoic climate change. By estimating the largest time-calibrated phylogeny for this group to date, we demonstrate monophyly of the AAG and confirm that their ancestor arrived in Australia ~11–10 million years ago (Mya) from Southeast Asia. Ancestral range reconstruction indicates that Australia’s monsoon region was the launching point for a continental radiation shaped by dispersal and within-biome speciation rather than vicariance. We found that multiple arid-zone species diversified from mesic and tropical ancestors in the Plio-Pleistocene, but also observed diversification in the opposite direc-tion. Finally, we show that diversification steadily increased from ~8 to 9 Mya during the ‘Hill Gap’ and accelerated from ~4 Mya in concert with major ecological change during the Pliocene. Consistent with rapid diversification, species accumulation then slowed down into the present, likely caused by progressive niche saturation. This study provides a stepping stone for predicting future responses of Australia’s termite fauna in the face of human-mediated climate change.Open-Access-Publikationsfonds 202

Magnesium-mediated arylation of amines via C-F bond activation of fluoroarenes

A series of new Mg(II) amides featuring a bulky β-diketiminate backstop ligand, has been synthesised. These complexes are demonstrated to be excellent sources of nucleophilic amides that can participate in rapid C–F activation of several fluoroarenes at room temperature or using microwave assistance, leading to the installment of synthetically important C–N bonds via nucleophilic substitution