The Benue-Gongola-Chad Basin : zone of ethnic and linguistic compression

We wish to emphasize the fact that so far our investigations have concentrated on documenting large bodies of data covering a number of linguistic units in an area which - as we hope to have demonstrated - displays a highly complex linguistic and ethnic structure. Our aim in the above remarks is essentially to throw out a challenge. In order to be able to interpret this situation in terms of the historic development of this zone of compression, further investigations are required, particularly regarding linguistic interference between Chadic and Niger-Congo languages in the south, as well as between Chadic and Nilo-Saharan languages, particularly Kanuri in the north-east and Songhay in the north-west. Ultimately, questions like the following are at stake: To what extent did the numerous Chadic languages preserve their original Hamitosemitic heritage? What is the impact of the Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan languages on individual Chadic languages in the respective border areas? In this context, detailed comparative studies between Chadic and Adamawa on the one hand, Chadic and Jukunoid and Chadic and Jarawan Bantu on the other hand as well as Chadic internal research, are urgently required

Freeware solutions for spectropolarimetric data reduction

Most of the solar physicists use very expensive software for data reduction and visualization. We present hereafter a reliable freeware solution based on the Python language. This is made possible by the association of the latter with a small set of additional libraries developed in the scientific community. It provides then a very powerful and economical alternative to other interactive data languages. Although it can also be used for any kind of post-processing of data, we demonstrate the capabities of such a set of freeware tools using THeMIS observations of the second solar spectrum.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures (to appear in the Procs. of Solar Polarization Workshop #5, eds. Berdyugina, Nagendra and Ramelli

Microwave emission from spinning dust in circumstellar disks

In the high density environments of circumstellar disks dust grains are expected to grow to large sizes by coagulation. Somewhat unexpectedly, recent near-IR observations of PAH features from disks around Herbig Ae/Be stars demonstrate that substantial amount of dust mass in these disks (up to several tens of per cent of the total carbon content) can be locked up in particles with sizes ranging from several to tens of nanometers. We investigate the possibility of detecting the electric dipole emission produced by these nanoparticles as they spin at thermal rates (tens of GHz) in cold gas. We show that such emission peaks in the microwave range and dominates over the thermal disk emission at \nu 5 % of the total carbon abundance is locked up in nanoparticles. We test the sensitivity of this prediction to various stellar and disk parameters and show that if the potential contamination of the spinning dust component by the free-free and/or synchrotron emission can be removed, then the best chances of detecting this emission would be in disks with small opacity, having SEDs with steep sub-mm slopes (which minimizes thermal disk emission at GHz frequencies). Detection of the spinning dust emission would provide important evidence for the existence, properties, and origin of the population of small dust particles in protoplanetary disks, with possible ramifications for planet formation.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Ap

Introductory comments

Vibroacoustic and thermal environment data gathered from the first three flights of the space shuttle are presented. The characterization of the particulate, gaseous, and electromagnetic emissions associated with the shuttle flight is emphasized. Measurements of vehicle glow light emissions and material effects (mass loss) due to the low Earth environment interactions with the shuttle vehicle are presented

Infrared Spectroscopy of the Diffuse Ionized Halo of NGC 891

We present infrared spectroscopy from the Spitzer Space Telescope at one disk position and two positions at a height of 1 kpc from the disk in the edge-on spiral NGC 891, with the primary goal of studying halo ionization. Our main result is that the [Ne III]/[Ne II] ratio, which provides a measure of the hardness of the ionizing spectrum free from the major problems plaguing optical line ratios, is enhanced in the extraplanar pointings relative to the disk pointing. Using a 2D Monte Carlo-based photo-ionization code which accounts for the effects of radiation field hardening, we find that this trend cannot be reproduced by any plausible photo-ionization model, and that a secondary source of ionization must therefore operate in gaseous halos. We also present the first spectroscopic detections of extraplanar PAH features in an external normal galaxy. If they are in an exponential layer, very rough emission scale-heights of 330-530 pc are implied for the various features. Extinction may be non-negligible in the midplane and reduce these scale-heights significantly. There is little significant variation in the relative emission from the various features between disk and extraplanar environment. Only the 17.4 micron feature is significantly enhanced in the extraplanar gas compared to the other features, possibly indicating a preference for larger PAHs in the halo.Comment: 35 pages in ApJ preprint format, 8 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ. Minor change to Introduction to give appropriate credit to earlier, related wor

Differential associations between actual and expected GP practice prescribing rates for statins, ACE inhibitors, and beta-blockers: a cross-sectional study in England

AIM: To explore the relationship between actual and expected general medical practitioner (GP) practice prescribing rates for statins, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and beta-blockers. BACKGROUND: There is a growing body of literature highlighting inequities in GP practice prescribing rates for many drug therapies. The equity of prescribing is of central importance in the area of therapeutics since it explores the interface between those patients who should and those who actually do receive a drug therapy. SETTING: Four primary care trusts (PCTs 1–4) in the North West of England, including 132 GP practices. METHODS: Actual and expected prescribing rates for statins, beta-blockers, and ACE inhibitors were specifically developed for each GP practice. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant correlations between actual and expected prescribing rates in PCT2 and PCT3, although in PCT1 there were statistically significant correlations for statins (0.286, p < 0.05) and ACE inhibitors (0.381, p < 0.01). In PCT4, correlations were moderate to high for beta-blockers (0.693, p < 0.01), and moderate for statins (0.541, p < 0.05) and ACE inhibitors (0.585, p < 0.01). Scatterplots highlighted large variations between individual GP practices (both within and between PCTs) in terms of the relationship between actual and expected prescribing rates. CONCLUSION: This paper highlights variability between PCTs and GP practices in terms of the relationship between actual and expected prescribing rates. The findings from this paper may further advance the suggestion of inequities in prescribing rates for coronary heart disease (CHD) drugs, and studies such as this may be repeated in different therapeutic areas, healthcare settings, and countries

IRAC Excess in Distant Star-Forming Galaxies: Tentative Evidence for the 3.3μ\mum Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Feature ?

We present evidence for the existence of an IRAC excess in the spectral energy distribution (SED) of 5 galaxies at 0.6<z<0.9 and 1 galaxy at z=1.7. These 6 galaxies, located in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey field (GOODS-N), are star forming since they present strong 6.2, 7.7, and 11.3 um polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) lines in their Spitzer IRS mid-infrared spectra. We use a library of templates computed with PEGASE.2 to fit their multiwavelength photometry and derive their stellar continuum. Subtraction of the stellar continuum enables us to detect in 5 galaxies a significant excess in the IRAC band pass where the 3.3 um PAH is expected. We then assess if the physical origin of the IRAC excess is due to an obscured active galactic nucleus (AGN) or warm dust emission. For one galaxy evidence of an obscured AGN is found, while the remaining four do not exhibit any significant AGN activity. Possible contamination by warm dust continuum of unknown origin as found in the Galactic diffuse emission is discussed. The properties of such a continuum would have to be different from the local Universe to explain the measured IRAC excess, but we cannot definitively rule out this possibility until its origin is understood. Assuming that the IRAC excess is dominated by the 3.3 um PAH feature, we find good agreement with the observed 11.3 um PAH line flux arising from the same C-H bending and stretching modes, consistent with model expectations. Finally, the IRAC excess appears to be correlated with the star-formation rate in the galaxies. Hence it could provide a powerful diagnostic for measuring dusty star formation in z>3 galaxies once the mid-infrared spectroscopic capabilities of the James Webb Space Telescope become available.Comment: 25 pages, 4 figures, accepted by Ap

Finding the elusive and causative autoantibody: An atypical case of autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/111227/1/ccr3203.pd

Molecular Emission Line Formation in Prestellar Cores

We investigate general aspects of molecular line formation under conditions which are typical of prestellar cores. Focusing on simple linear molecules, we study formation of their rotational lines by radiative transfer simulations. We present a thermalization diagram to show the effects of collisions and radiation on the level excitation. We construct a detailed scheme (contribution chart) to illustrate the formation of emission line profiles. This chart can be used as an efficient tool to identify which parts of the cloud contribute to a specific line profile. We show how molecular line characteristics for uniform model clouds depend on hydrogen density, molecular column density, and kinetic temperature. The results are presented in a 2D plane to illustrate cooperative effects of the physical factors. We also use a core model with a non-uniform density distribution and chemical stratification to study the effects of cloud contraction and rotation on spectral line maps. We discuss the main issues that should be taken into account when dealing with interpretation and simulation of observed molecular lines.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap