Formation and removal of alkylthiolate self-assembled monolayers on gold in aqueous solutions

We report the development of novel reagents and approaches for generating recyclable biosensors. The use of aqueous media for the formation of protein binding alkylthiolate monolayers on Au surfaces results in accelerated alkylthiolate monolayer formation and improvement in monolayer integrity as visualized by fluorescence microscopy and CV techniques. We have also developed an electrocleaning protocol that is compatible with microfluidics devices, and this technique serves as an on-chip method for cleaning Au substrates both before and after monolayer formation. The techniques for the formation and dissociation of biotinylated SAMs from aqueous solvents reported here may be applied towards the development of Au-based sensor devices and microfluidics chips in the future. A potential use of these devices includes the specific capture and triggered release of target cells, proteins, or small molecules from liquid samples

Effect of Oral Rinsing with Pre-Workout on Cycling Time Trial Performance

There is evidence that oral rinsing with a carbohydrate solution can have similar effects on aerobic performance compared to consuming the beverage, but less is known of sugar-free and pre-workout beverages. PURPOSE: to examine the effects of oral rinsing with a pre-workout supplement on aerobic performance. METHODS: After recording age (32.4±12.1 yrs), height (173.2±11.2 cm), and weight (76.8±14.8 kg), eleven participants rinsed 10 sec with either 2.5 oz. of carbohydrate (CHO), sugar-free pre-workout (PWO), or a sugar-free placebo (CN) beverage. Participants were interfaced with a metabolic analyzer and resting measurements were collected after two minutes. Participants then cycled for 5 minutes on a stationary bike as a warm up, with load being adjusted to reach 70% of max heart rate. Participants then rode for 15 minutes at this intensity after which they received a five minute break followed by another 10 second oral rinse of the same solution. This was followed by a time trial, which consisted of 15 minutes on the bike at maximum intensity. This was a counter-balanced, repeated-measures design where participants performed the trials no fewer than two days and no more than seven days apart. Repeated measures ANOVA were used to determine differences in performances and physiological responses between trials, with Alpha set at .05 for all tests. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in distance during the time trial between CHO (7.7±1.2 km), PWO (7.6±1.4 km), and CN (7.4±1.2), F(2,9)=0.95, P=.419. There was also no significant difference in VO2 during the time trial between CHO (2.02±0.58 L/min), PWO (1.94±0.58 L/min), and CN (2.29±1.29 L/min), F(2,9) = 1.0, P=.388, as well as heart rate between CHO (155.6±18.2 b/min), PWO (152.6±19.8 b/min), and CN (150.3±19.1 b/min), F(2,9)=1.5, P=.260. Finally, there was no significant difference in RPE between CHO (14.0±2.6), PWO (13.6±2.3), and CN (13.6±2.1), F(2,9)=.23, P=.797. CONCLUSION: The results of the study suggest that oral rinsing does not enhance performance on a 15-min cycling time trial. For a short, acute bout of intense aerobic exercise, oral rinsing with a CHO or PWO drink will not provide any benefit

The Left-Right Pitx2 Pathway Drives Organ-Specific Arterial and Lymphatic Development in the Intestine

SummaryThe dorsal mesentery (DM) is the major conduit for blood and lymphatic vessels in the gut. The mechanisms underlying their morphogenesis are challenging to study and remain unknown. Here we show that arteriogenesis in the DM begins during gut rotation and proceeds strictly on the left side, dependent on the Pitx2 target gene Cxcl12. Although competent Cxcr4-positive angioblasts are present on the right, they fail to form vessels and progressively emigrate. Surprisingly, gut lymphatics also initiate in the left DM and arise only after—and dependent on—arteriogenesis, implicating arteries as drivers of gut lymphangiogenesis. Our data begin to unravel the origin of two distinct vascular systems and demonstrate how early left-right molecular asymmetries are translated into organ-specific vascular patterns. We propose a dual origin of gut lymphangiogenesis in which prior arterial growth is required to initiate local lymphatics that only subsequently connect to the vascular system

The economic impact of the Department of Energy on the State of New Mexico Fiscal Year 1995

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) provides a major source of economic benefits in New Mexico, second only to the activities of the U.S. Department of Defense. The agency`s far-reaching economic influence within the state is the focus of this report. Economic benefits arising from the various activities and functions of both the Department and its contractors have accrued to the state continuously for over 45 years. For several years, DOE/Albuquerque Operations Office (AL) and New Mexico State University (NMSU) have maintained inter-industry, input-output modeling capabilities to assess DOE`s impacts on the state of New Mexico and the other substate regions most directly impacted by DOE activities. One of the major uses of input-output techniques is to assess the effects of developments initiated outside the economy such as federal DOE monies that flow into the state, on an economy

The economic impact of Sandia National Laboratories on central New Mexico and the State of New Mexico, Fiscal year 1995

Central NM: funding was about $1.5 billion in FY95, yielding a total economic impact of$4.3 billion, about 10.5% of total economic activity in the region. Total personal income impact was over $1.1 billion in FY95, nearly 9$1.5 billion funding supported a total economic impact of $4.4 billion, about 5$1.15 billion or nearly 4% of personal income in the state. The employment multipler of 3.97 for the state meant that the 8,153 average employment level supported a total impact of 32,339; thus, in effect, one of every 23 jobs in the state was created or supported by SNL. About 75% of the jobs created indirectly by SNL in the central region and in the state occurred in the trade, services, and finance/insurance/real estate sectors

The Economic Impact of the Department of Energy on the State of New Mexico Fiscal Year 1995

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) provides a major source of economic benefits in New Mexico, second only to the activities of the U.S. Department of Defense. The agency`s far-reaching economic influence within the state is the focus of this report. Economic benefits arising from the various activities and functions of both the Department and its contractors have accrued to the state continuously for over 45 years. For several years, DOE/Albuquerque Operations Office (AL) and New Mexico State University (NMSU) have maintained inter-industry, input-output modeling capabilities to assess DOE`s impacts on the state of New Mexico and the other substate regions most directly impacted by DOE activities. One of the major uses of input-output techniques is to assess the effects of developments initiated outside the economy such as federal DOE monies that flow into the state, on an economy