THE EFFECTS OF FIELD EMITTED ELECTRONS ON RF SURFACE

The ever-growing demand for higher RF gradients has considerably increased the risk of breakdown in accelerating structures. Field emission is the most common form of RF breakdown that generates free electrons capable of inflicting irreversible damages on the RF surface. This paper presents a systematic experimental and simulation programme to understand possible sources and their influence on RF cavity operatio

2-(3-Eth­oxy-2-hy­droxy­benz­ylidene)-N-phenyl­hydrazinecarboxamide

The title compound, C16H17N3O3, exists in the E configuration with respect to the azomethine double bond. The mol­ecule is close to planar, with a dihedral angle of 6.7 (1)° between the aromatic rings. The phenolic O atom functions as donor and acceptor by forming intramolec­ular O—H⋯O and inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, respectively. Two-dimensional packing is fashioned through an inter­molecular hydrogen bonding network in an offset manner

Methodology for capturing environmental, social and economic implications of industrial symbiosis in heavy industrial areas

Industrial operations have been attributed to causing social and environmental problems such as: acid rain; greenhouse gas emissions, air, water and soil pollution; plus health problems to neighbourhood communities. With the 3P (people, planet, profit) approach for sustainability as the background, there have been movements to establish the concept of eco-industrial development in existing or new industrial areas from the planning stage onwards. Industrial ecology (IE) is the operation of an industrial ecosystem which is based on the principles of operation of a natural ecosystem. Industrial symbiosis (IS), one of the principal applications of IE, is defined as inter-firm collaboration, where a network of industries collaborates in exchange of products, by-products, information, resources and wastes to reduce their collective environmental footprint to achieve mutual benefits.Industrial symbiosis is a collaborative process of industries geographically located in an industrial park, which facilitates and enables an exchange of products, by-products and wastes to reduce the collective adverse impacts of the emission during the operation of these industries. However, IS faces a number of barriers. Importantly, it has been identified that there is a critical impediment to implementing future IS practices in the area. This is because of the number of barriers such as technical, regulatory, commercial as well as informational. In addition, there is an absence of a proven and well established evaluation methodology to identify the benefits of such practice. The true implications of IS might therefore remain underestimated, thereby failing to convince industry, government and the community to realize the opportunities IS can bring in attaining goals of sustainability in their operations.The aim of this PhD research was to develop and trial a method for capturing the life cycle environmental, social and economic implications of industrial symbiosis in heavy industrial areas. This research was based on multi-disciplinary approach of examining environmental, social and financial aspects to develop an integrated method. In the Kwinana industrial Area (KIA), the primary research area in Western Australia, the opportunities were significant for such industrial symbiosis to happen because of the co-location of diverse industries. The research hypothesis that informs this thesis is that the assessment of implications of present IS might bring further opportunities for enhancing symbiosis between industries. Though the primary emphasis of the research was in the Kwinana Industrial Area, this approach could be applied to other heavy industrial areas. This site could be significant both nationally and internationally in providing a platform for business responses to regional sustainable development challenges, by documenting best practice and improving approaches for implementing industrial symbiosis.This research addressed the objectives by using the developed Six Capitals Model (SCM) for identifying environmental, social and economic benefits. The values under these dimensions were analysed with regard to natural, ecosystem, human, social, financial and manufactured capitals for a project of wastewater reclamation for industrial use. Under the environmental dimension, the model revealed that resource conservation and resource security were achieved as a result of the operation of this project. These results are in line with the argument that industrial symbiosis secures and conserves resources due to the possibility of reclaiming the resources that were once discarded. Water contamination has been reduced as a result of the operation of this project. This indicator shows that there is an improvement in maintaining the ecosystem capital.In terms of human capital, sharing information between industries and opportunities of sharing infrastructure and technology has been improved. Regarding community capital, sharing of information between industries and communities, has increased as a result of this project. Collaboration of government bodies, level of understanding about IS projects due to increasing communication between various stakeholders, and increase of employment opportunities are notable, as value has been generated for community capital since the project started. In terms of financial capital of the project, the majority of the participants did not gain any financial savings in terms of direct costs but rather accrued short term costs. This was due to the infrastructure cost involved as part of installation of pipes and pumps. It was also due to the high cost of the reclaimed water than the scheme water. In addition, the analysis showed that most of the participants of the project did not gain any savings in the indirect costs such as hidden and legal costs, such as permit costs, compliance costs, future fines and penalties. However, as part of manufactured capital, there were savings due to improved business opportunities as well as infrastructure, for business and community collectively.The results of this thesis show that broader benefits of symbiosis can be achieved, not only from operation of the project, but also from the influence of processes of symbiosis. Among them are connection, communication and collaboration between the project partners. There has been a substantial increase in the networking of industries and formation of multi groups for addressing various issues faced by industry and community in the Kwinana. There has also been a further increase in the transparency of information dissemination and communication through industries council’s website. In addition, there has been an improvement in the rate of participation of community members and groups in the Communities and Industries Forum (CIF) which resulted in the formation of further stakeholder groups by industries council as a platform for addressing the issues of industries and communities.IS practices strengthen the EIP concept and increase the chances of sustainable industrial development regionally due to collaboration of community of businesses and local and regional community. IS also increases the reputation and license to operate in the community. There are many advantages for using the Model developed in the thesis to assess the benefits of IS. First, the values of ecosystem values maintained are able to be accounted for in addition to natural capital values. The Six Capital Model can also account human capital values in addition to community capital. The Model also accounted the manufactured capital in addition to financial capital and it gives an opportunity to identify the value generated towards community and companies.Finally, the Model enables a calculation of the internal costs and external costs and benefits so that industries are able to understand the real cost of the projects. One of the main advantages of this method is that with, right indicators, the intangible values of the IS process can also be assessed and reported

A study to find out the efficacy of cortical mastoidectomy with myringoplasty in chronic suppurative otitis media.

WHO (World Health Organization) defines chronic suppurative otitis media as a stage in ear disease in which there is a chronic infection of the middle ear cleft in the presence of persistent tympanic membrane perforation[1]. Chronic suppurative otitis media is typically a persistent disease, insidious in onset, often capable of causing severe destruction and irreversible sequelae and clinically manifests with deafness and discharge. According to Mawson’s textbook of Ear disease, it is persistent otorrhea through a non-intact tympanic membrane[3] The global burden of chronic suppurative otitis media is estimated around 65-330 million of which 60% suffer from significant hearing impairment. It accounts for 28,000 deaths and a disease burden of more than 2 million DALYs. Incidence of CSOM is higher in developing countries because of poor socio-economic standards, poor nutrition and lack of health education. It affects both sexes and all age groups. In India, the overall prevalence rate is 46 and 16 persons per thousand in rural and urban population respectively. It is also the single most important cause of hearing impairment in rural population. Surgery plays an important role in its management and the outcome measures are closure of tympanic membrane perforation in myringoplasty, eradication of disease and achievement of a dry and safe ear in mastoidectomy and in some cases, improvement of hearing where ossicular reconstruction or ossiculoplasty is also carried out. A mastoidectomy done along with tympanoplasty may ensure clearance of disease, saves time, money, unnecessary hospital stay, and repeated hospital visits for the patient. Cortical Mastoidectomy combined with Myringoplasty enhances the efficacy of graft uptake and the surgical success rate by complete clearance of the disease from Mastoid antrum and restoration of the pressure buffering capacity of Middle ear. Patients from low socioeconomic strata who are hesitant for frequent follow up should be given complete disease clearance by doing Mastoidectomy with Myringoplasty as a single procedure. Combining Mastoidectomy with Myringoplasty does not produce any statistical significance in the postoperative hearing results. Mastoidectomy should be favoured along with Myringoplasty when there is coexistence of confounding factors such as mucosal changes, bilaterality, sclerosed and contracted mastoid

Bifunctional eff ect of fucoidan from Padina tetrastromatica against human pathogenic microbes and free radicals

The antibacterial and antioxidant effect of fucoidan fractions isolated from brown algae Padina tetrastromatica was evaluated. Even though the polysaccharide was found to be a fucan, the composition of this polysaccharide is different from those reported, and the antibacterial and antioxidant effect has not been reported so far. Three fractions (F1, F2, and F3) were isolated by anion-exchange column chromatography. Chemical analysis suggested that the polysaccharide fractions contained a significant amount of sulfate and fucose, galactose xylose, andmannose as the major neutral sugars. Antibacterial activity was checked by disk diffusion method. Antioxidant activity was investigated by various in vitro systems, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging,lipid peroxide inhibition, superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, chelating ability and reducingpower. Antibacterial and antioxidant assays suggested that the polysaccharide fraction F3 possessed goodantibacterial activity and had stronger antioxidant properties than F1 and F2. Available data obtained by in vitromodels suggested that the correlation between the sulfate content and pharmacological effect was positive.Fucoidan from P. tetrastromatica have the potential to be developed as anantibacterial and antioxidant agent, butfurther in vivo research for their mode of action are still needed to shed light on the effects. Overall, the presentexperiments showed fucoidan from marine brown algae as a potential therapeutic agent

Crystal structure of 8-[7, 8-bis(4-chlorobenzoyl)-7H-cyclopenta[a]acenaphthylen-9-yl]naphthalene-1-carboxylic acid

JPJ and CK are obliged to Dr S. Prathapan for introducing them to the field of domino reactions. SAIF (STIC) CUSAT, Kochi, India, provided spectroscopic, analytical and single crystal X-ray diffraction data.Peer reviewedPublisher PD