COMPARATIVE STUDY ON EFFECT OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC SUPERDISINTEGRANTS IN THE FORMULATION OF RIZATRIPTAN BENZOATE ORAL DISPERSIBLE TABLETS

Objective: In the present study, the effects of a natural superdisintegrant gellan gum, karya synthetic gum superdisintegrants like sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone and combination of natural and synthetic superdisintegrant were compared in the formulations of rizatriptan benzoate oral dispersible tablets. Methods: This oral dispersible tablets were prepared by direct compression method and evaluated for weight variation, hardness, disintegration time, drug content, friability and dissolution. Drug compatibility with excipients was checked by FTIR studies. Stability study of the prepared tablets was done at 40±2°/75%±5% RH for a period of 1 mo. Results: FTIR studies showed that no any chemical interaction between drugs and excipients. The in vitro drug release study revealed that formulation F9 combination of both crospovidone and karya gum was the most successful formulation and disintegrate time within 13 seconds and drug release within 10 min. The drug release from the best formulations followed first-order kinetics, which is concentration-dependent. Short terms stability studies of the tablet for three months showed non-significant drug loss. Conclusion: The formulation containing a combination of natural and synthetic superdisintegrant was found to be the best results. Apart from fulfilling all official and other specifications, the tablets exhibited a higher rate of drug release

Microwave Reflectometry as a Novel Diagnostic Method for Detection of Skin Cancers

More than one million people are diagnosed with skin cancer each year in the United States and more than ten thousand people die from the disease. Currently, there are some methods for early detection of skin cancers, like visual inspection, but improvements are needed. This paper presents a method involving microwave reflectometry as a diagnostic tool for detection of skin cancers. The results of measurements and simulations for normal and wet skin have been shown to distinguish among skin samples with different properties. Microwave measurements from lesions have also been presented which are used to distinguish between cancerous and benign lesions

Microwave Reflectometry As a Novel Diagnostic Tool for Detection of Skin Cancers

More than 1 000 000 people are diagnosed with skin cancer each year in the United States, and more than 10 000 people die from the disease. Methods such as visual inspection and dermoscopy are available for early detection of skin cancers, but improvement in accuracy is needed. This paper investigates the use of microwave reflectometry as a potential diagnostic tool for detection of skin cancers. Open-ended coaxial probes were used to measure microwave properties of skin. The influences of measurement parameters such as probe application pressure, power level, and variation in reflection properties of skin with location and hydration were investigated. Using an available electromagnetic formulation, providing for the reflection properties of a layered dielectric structure irradiated by a coaxial probe, measurement and simulation results were compared. The results of the measurements and simulations for normal and moistened skin show that the water content of normal skin and benign and malignant lesions may cause significant differences among their reflection properties and subsequently render a malignant lesion detectable. The results of microwave measurements performed on human subjects are also presented, which show the potential of this technique to distinguish between cancerous and benign lesions

Evaluation of Medical Officer Certificate Programme Course Competency Based Learning

Background: Medical Officer Certificate Programme (MOCP) is a 6 months training programme in Pediatrics/Medicine at medical colleges wherein doctors work like postgraduate students, learn various Out Patients and In Patient Department (OPD and IPD) procedures, attain hands on skills, perform day and night duties, attend postgraduate training programmes and specialty clinics. This is a course unique to Maharashtra. It has been designed to overcome shortage of Pediatricians and Physicians in the state. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of MOCP courses for medical officers by finding out if their clinical skills have improved and if they have achieved expected level of competence. Methods: Public Health Department deputed 28 medical officers of primary health centers. At the end of 6 months training course, they were evaluated during 2012-2013. Results: OPD increased by 24% and IPD by 54%. There was a decrease in the number of cases referred to tertiary centers by 24%, post-MOCP training. Infant immunization increased by 35% after training. Number of children with severe acute malnutrition/moderate acute malnutrition treated increased by 22%, treatment of neonatal emergencies, resuscitation, sepsis, jaundice increased by 36%. Number of adults with diarrhoea and snake bite treated increased by 40% and 63% respectively. Number of ECGs taken and myocardial infarctions managed also has shown rising trend. Conclusion: There was tremendous benefit to the patients after MOCP training. Skill of doctors was found to have enhanced. It is therefore recommended that such novel trainings should be imparted in other states of India too

A Survey on Management of Misbehaving Node in MANET

Abstract: MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) is a dynamically changing network which is self-configuring and used in infrastructure less environment. The nodes in MANET act as router and due to its dynamically changing topology it is more open to attacks that causes network issues and service failures. The malicious node(s) causes dropping of packets are black hole and nodes which are dropping and forwarding only selective packets are called as gray hole which is very difficult to detect as other reasons such as congestion and low bandwidth are also responsible for dropping of packets. So, the security solution must be developed to detect and manage black and gray hole attack. In this paper we attempted to mitigate the black hole and gray hole attack and how these attacks are managed

Paclobutrazol use in perennial fruit crops and its residual effects: A review

Paclobutrazol (PBZ), a triazole derivative, has been effectively used to induce and manipulate flowering, fruiting and tree vigour in several perennial fruit crops. However its use in mango is quite common. Soil application of paclobutrazol has been efficacious in promoting flowering and increasing yield in many fruit crops. However, there are some conflicting reports on its impact on fruit quality parameters. Besides reducing gibberellins level, PBZ increases cytokinin contents, root activity and C: N ratio, whereas its influence on nutrient uptake lacks consistency. PBZ also affects microbial population and dehydrogenase activity in soil. PBZ has been characterized as an environmentally stable compound in soil and water environments with a half-life of more than a year under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. However, its residue could not be detected above quantifiable level (0.01 ppm) in soils and fruits when applied in optimized rate. The potential of PBZ to contaminate groundwater at optimum concentrations is low however the risk of its exposure to aquatic life is high. PBZ is considered moderately hazardous for human beings with remote chance of being genotoxic and carcinogenic. In view of the above, optimized use of the PBZ to derive maximum benefit with least undesirable impact on food and environmental safety aspects is suggested

Studies on the effects of Adansonia Digitata Lin's fruits on diabetes

The point of this study is to look into how Adansonia digitata Linn plants can help people with diabetes. The bioactive extract was chosen by using the Haemoglobin Glycosylation Inhibition Assay and α-Amylase Inhibition Assay in a lab setting.So, the ethanolic solution was the most effective at fighting diabetes. In vivo study was done on it because of this. The extract was determined to be safe up to a level of 5000 mg/kg in a trial on acute poisoning. Anti-diabetic action was tested using a model of diabetes mellitus caused by streptozotocin. The factors that were looked at were changes in body weight and blood sugar levels. It was determined that following significant necrotic alterations, a damaged β-cell population, and smaller cells, the cells in the diabetes control group developed atrophy and fibrosis. The group that got the test amount, on the other hand, had normal pancreatic cells, more and bigger islets, and no necrosis or fibrotic changes. These were about the same amounts as those found in people who took Glibenclamide, which is the common drug. The analysis of phytochemicals showed that flavonoids exist. These chemicals may be what give Adansonia digitata Linn's fruits their ability to help people with diabetes. The current study says that ethanolic extract greatly lowers the chance of getting diabetes in both lab-based and real-life setting

Innovative method for rapid detection of falsified COVID-19 vaccines through unopened vials using handheld Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS)

Preventing, detecting, and responding to substandard and falsified vaccines is of critical importance for ensuring the safety, efficacy, and public trust in vaccines. This is of heightened importance in context of public health crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, in which extreme world-wide shortages of vaccines provided a fertile ground for exploitation by falsifiers. Here, a proof-of-concept study explored the feasibility of using a handheld Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) device to authenticate COVID-19 vaccines through rapid analysis of unopened vaccine vials. The results show that SORS can verify the chemical identity of dominant excipients non-invasively through vaccine vial walls. The ability of SORS to identify potentially falsified COVID-19 vaccines was demonstrated by measurement of surrogates for falsified vaccines contained in vaccine vials. In all cases studied, the SORS technique was able to differentiate between surrogate samples from the genuine COVISHIELD™ vaccine. The genuine vaccines tested included samples from six batches across two manufacturing sites to account for any potential variations between batches or manufacturing sites. Batch and manufacturing site variations were insignificant. In conjunction with existing security features, for example on labels and packaging, SORS provided an intrinsic molecular fingerprint of the dominant excipients of the vaccines. The technique could be extended to other COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 vaccines, as well as other liquid medicines. As handheld and portable SORS devices are commercially available and widely used for other purposes, such as airport security, they are rapidly deployable non-invasive screening tools for vaccine authentication.</p

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