A Study of Marxist Literary Theories and the Novel Surangam in a Socialist Realist Way

What led Prof Prabhat Patnaik, Pope at Vatican City and Dr Raghuram Rajan to a rallying point for the recovery and sustainability of the Global Capitalism from its shivering crisis? It's Karl Marx's 'Capital' ('Das Kapital'). Literature Review of Miners' plight in Indian Literature. World's top ten mine disasters in which two happened in India - Dhanbad and Chasnala. ' Kaala Pathar' Hindi film was based on Chasnala mining disaster. Nationalisation of Indian Coal Industry thanks to Indian coal miners' continuous struggles. Introduction of Ku.Chinnappa Bharathi, Tamil writer, who authored  'Surangam' Tamil novel. How did the idea of writing 'Surangam' come to Ku. Chinnappa Bharathi's mind? Shri Bikas Chowdhury, CPI-M MP from Asansol Constituency, invited the writer to pay a visit to Dhanbad, Jharia and  Asansol mines, to study the plight and living standards of the workers to attempt a novel on this theme. KuChiBha. accepted the offer. The conversation with the miners with the help of interpreters, contributed a lot to visualize the air. Plot of Surangam. The category of workers and the hierarchy of supervisors. Bikas Choudhary, Jamuna Kumari, Sakuntala Devi, Mining Munshi, Mining Sardar, Mine owner Tiwari, organised workers, drunkard-workers, Debt recovery agents, liquor shop-owner, villagers, peasants and the like. The greed of inhuman mine-owners and supervisors is portrayed the customs and cultural events of Bengalis and the tenets of  humanitarian Marxist Atheism are briefed. How the novel observes the genre of Socialist Realism, with the Marxist point of view, is well-presented. The denationalisation of the Coal Industry, with the repeal of Mining Nationalisation Acts, will again unleash the exploitation of private owners in the coal industry. The case-study of  ' Surangam ' to explore the livelihood of the miners in non-Tamil speaking areas to write a novel in Tamil, for being translated further into Bengali and Hindi, is a laudable attempt and a great literary venture

Dravidian Aesthetics - the foremost of Indian Aesthetics

The influences of contemporary events on the field of study and society on speakers of Dravidian languages such as Tamil indicate the primacy of Dravidian ideology. Scholars in other countries look at the functioning of the Dravidian movement in the political, social, and cultural spheres behind the Tamil aesthetics of Dravidian aesthetics being at the forefront of Indian aesthetics. The Czechoslovakian multi-linguist recalls in the interview the Sanskrit-Tamil linguistic exchanges, the unity, and other differences. The contribution of Dravidian culture to Indianization is revealed through the media interviews of Sri Lankan Tamil scholar Karthikesu Sivathambi. There is an explanation of the understanding of Tamil consciousness. Accordingly, the Dravidian movement developed by rejecting the Sanskrit tradition, the North Indian tradition, the Bhakti tradition, etc. Aside from religion, which is a feature of the past, the temple towers, the Nataraja image, the bhakti literature, etc., must be regarded as the active contribution of the Tamils, who were fully absorbed in Indian culture. These aspects were not adopted because of the atheistic, rationalist, and anti-Brahmin elements of the Dravidian movement. BC 100- AD 250 lays claim to Sangam literature, the Pre-Bhakti period literature. The central theme of the article was that the Dravidian movement regarded it as belonging to Tamils who did not have the Sanskrit tradition. It is understood that the contributions of Periyar and others led to the development of the Dravidian cultural ideology. Experts in other languages expound on Dravidian aesthetics. Malayalam scholar K. Ayyappa Panicker praises the Thinai doctrine of Tamil as a rare wealth of knowledge not found in the languages of the world. Not all Sanskrit language texts are based on the orthodox tradition they also include books

Morality of Ordinary Tamil People in the Real Tamil Stories of Twentieth Century

Real stories always contain humanistic elements and it is appealing to ordinary people. Realism and short stories are the gift of nineteenth century. Realism is written in ordinary dialects and is based on ordinary human action, truth, degeneration and contradiction. Realistic stories are based on the life of ordinary people who is facing numerous problems. These stories are about the people who lost their unity, isolated away from family and caste. Contradictions among these people appears when they oppose the superstitious beliefs, norms and social sentiments. They act according to their nature and they never bow down to ordinary norms and practices. Vavesu Iyer’s “Kulathankarai Arasamaram” is a short story highlights the bankrupt of the British company which broke the dreams of countless middle-class people, the deterioration of the family life. This happened around 1910. Writer Puthumaipithan in his story “Ponakaram” tells ‘the world is different, dharmas are also different’. Indra Parthasarathy’s text “Kadhal Poar Viyabaram” depicts the rise of indiscipline among people during globalization. The text also implies that not all the people lost their moral values

Circulating Cell-Free DNA in Dogs with Mammary Tumors: Short and Long Fragments and Integrity Index

Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has been considered an interesting diagnostic/prognostic plasma biomarker in tumor-bearing subjects. In cancer patients, cfDNA can hypothetically derive from tumor necrosis/apoptosis, lysed circulating cells, and some yet unrevealed mechanisms of active release. This study aimed to preliminarily analyze cfDNA in dogs with canine mammary tumors (CMTs). Forty-four neoplastic, 17 non-neoplastic disease-bearing, and 15 healthy dogs were recruited. Necrosis and apoptosis were also assessed as potential source of cfDNA on 78 CMTs diagnosed from the 44 dogs. The cfDNA fragments and integrity index significantly differentiated neoplastic versus non-neoplastic dogs (P<0.05), and allowed the distinction between benign and malignant lesions (P<0.05). Even if without statistical significance, the amount of cfDNA was also affected by tumor necrosis and correlated with tumor size and apoptotic markers expression. A significant (P<0.01) increase of Bcl-2 in malignant tumors was observed, and in metastatic CMTs the evasion of apoptosis was also suggested. This study, therefore, provides evidence that cfDNA could be a diagnostic marker in dogs carrying mammary nodules suggesting that its potential application in early diagnostic procedures should be further investigated

Photovoltaic Module with Uniform Water Flow on Top Surface

Though the solar photovoltaic (PV) module is used for power production, it usually works at high temperatures, decreasing its efficiency and therefore its output. So if an effective cooling method is to be implemented, it would reduce the heat from the solar PV module and increase its power production. Significant research in water cooling on both top and bottom surfaces of the PV module widen the scope for uniform cooling with constant module temperature throughout at any instant. In this work, uniform flow is maintained by means of overflow water from a tank fitted on the top of the PV module. Experiments were carried out with and without cooling. Performance parameters in terms of power output and efficiency have been presented for the PV module without cooling and cooling with three different mass flow rates. The results show that there is a significant rise in efficiency of the PV module by reducing its temperature. An accelerated output power of 23 W has been observed for a higher mass flow rate of 5.3 kg/min which is 15% higher than the photovoltaic module operating without cooling. Results were compared with previous researchers’ work and found to be a good enhancement. Theoretical results agree well with experiments

Mycoplasma pneumoniae Community-Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome Toxin Uses a Novel KELED Sequence for Retrograde Transport and Subsequent Cytotoxicity

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an atypical bacterium that causes respiratory illnesses in humans, including pharyngitis, tracheobronchitis, and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). It has also been directly linked to reactive airway disease, asthma, and extrapulmonary pathologies. During its colonization, M. pneumoniae expresses a unique ADP-ribosylating and vacuolating cytotoxin designated community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) toxin. CARDS toxin persists and localizes in the airway in CAP patients, asthmatics, and trauma patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Although CARDS toxin binds to specific cellular receptors, is internalized, and induces hyperinflammation, histopathology, mucus hyperplasia, and other airway injury, the intracellular trafficking of CARDS toxin remains unclear. Here, we show that CARDS toxin translocates through early and late endosomes and the Golgi complex and concentrates at the perinuclear region to reach the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Using ER-targeted SNAP-tag, we confirmed the association of CARDS toxin with the ER and determined that CARDS toxin follows the retrograde pathway. In addition, we identified a novel CARDS toxin amino acid fingerprint, KELED, that is required for toxin transport to the ER and subsequent toxin-mediated cytotoxicity

Inhibition of LIFR Blocks Adiposity-Driven Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer Growth

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the fourth most common cancer in women, and half of the endometrioid EC (EEC) cases are attributable to obesity. However, the underlying mechanism(s) of obesity-driven EEC remain(s) unclear. In this study, we examined whether LIF signaling plays a role in the obesity-driven progression of EEC. RNA-seq analysis of EEC cells stimulated by adipose conditioned medium (ADP-CM) showed upregulation of LIF/LIFR-mediated signaling pathways including JAK/STAT and interleukin pathways. Immunohistochemistry analysis of normal and EEC tissues collected from obese patients revealed that LIF expression is upregulated in EEC tissues compared to the normal endometrium. Treatment of both primary and established EEC cells with ADP-CM increased the expression of LIF and its receptor LIFR and enhanced proliferation of EEC cells. Treatment of EEC cells with the LIFR inhibitor EC359 abolished ADP-CM induced colony formation andcell viability and decreased growth of EEC organoids. Mechanistic studies using Western blotting, RT-qPCR and reporter assays confirmed that ADP-CM activated LIF/LIFR downstream signaling, which can be effectively attenuated by the addition of EC359. In xenograft assays, co-implantation of adipocytes significantly enhanced EEC xenograft tumor growth. Further, treatment with EC359 significantly attenuated adipocyte-induced EEC progression in vivo. Collectively, our data support the premise that LIF/LIFR signaling plays an important role in obesity-driven EEC progression and the LIFR inhibitor EC359 has the potential to suppress adipocyte-driven tumor progression