SoC Estimation and Monitoring of Li-ion Cell using Kalman-Filter Algorithm

With the rise in an energy crisis, electric vehicles have become a necessity. An integral part of the electric/hybrid vehicle is batteries. Out of many types, Li-ion batteries are providing features like high power as well as energy density. The features make Li-ion is an excellent choice for multiple applications from electronic appliances to electric vehicles. Li-ion batteries have their limitations while using in electric vehicles, and battery parameter monitoring like temperature, voltage, current, State of Charge (SoC), etc. is very much essential. The monitoring is dependent on actual physical measurements, which are subject to error contributing factors such as measurement noise, errors etc. With the estimation of SOC and State of Health (SoH) of the battery model, the lifetime of the battery will be calculated out, and along these lines sparing significant cost. In this paper, a study on SoH estimation and Li-ion battery SoC is estimated using a Kalman Filter (KF) algorithm estimation and results are presented to validate the Li-ion operating performanc

A Comparative study of Subcutaneous Single Closed Suction Drain Versus Simple Closure in Emergency Midline Laparotomy Wounds

AIM OF THE STUDY: The primary outcome of study is to determine whether the insertion of a subcutaneous closed suction drain at incisional site reduces the incidence of post operative surgical site infection in emergency laparotomy cases. The secondary outcome is to find the effect of closed suction drain in reducing the duration of hospital stay when compared to simple closure. BACKGROUND: Wound healing is major concern after surgical procedure, because of its association with quality of life and morbidity of patients. Infections that occur in the wound created by an invasive surgical procedure are generally referred to as Surgical Site Infections (SSIs). Wound infection continues to be a major problem both in terms of how they affect the outcome of surgical procedure and their impact in the length of hospital stay.Patients requiring Emergency laparotomy procedure has increased risk of surgical site infection and delayed wound healing. Complications following the closure of abdominal layers after correcting the pathology and peritoneal washings are surgical site infections, wound dehiscence, burst abdomen, wound seroma and wound hematoma. There are number of methods have been used to reduce these complications from time to time.Negative suction in the subcutaneous plane decreases infection by removal of serum or debris and by elimination of dead space in the plane.This study is to compare the subcutaneous single closed suction drain and conventional simple closure of skin and subcutaneous tissue in emergency laparotomy cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective study done on 100 patients undergoing emergency midline laparotomy surgery in the department of general surgery after ethical committee clearance from Government vellore medical college. On the basis of exclusion and inclusion criteria patients were randomlydivided into two groups. Group A includes 50 patients who had subcutaneous closed suction drain before skin closure. Group B includes 50 patients who had no subcutaneous drain. Antibiotics administered to both groups. Patients were followed daily to check for quantity of drainage and for dressing. Drain was removed when the output is less than 5ml. The outcome of the study was compared in the form of wound complications, interventions, hospital stay and morbidity. RESULTS: Wound complications without subcutaneous drain occurred in 21 patients represents 42% and patients with subcutaneous drain accounts to 14% (7/50). Seroma occurred in 9 patients in the group without subcutaneous drain accounts to 18%. No cases in the drain group has reported seroma (p=0.002). 3 patients (6%) with Hematoma in group B. No patients with drain group had reported hematoma and is statistically insignificant(P=0.079). Average rate of Surgical Site Infection 14 patients without subcutaneous drain(28%) and 6 patients in the drain group (12%). This is statistically significant P value 0.046. Post operative pain reported by 14 patients (28%) without drain and patients with drain had 3 patients (6%) and Significant ( p < 0.05). Length of hospital stay in patients without subcutaneous drain is 9.12±2.51 days and patients with subcutaneous drain is 7.70±1.44 days. Overall morbidity and hospital stay was reduced in patients with subcutaneous closed suction drain. CONCLUSION: In emergency laparotomy procedures, Subcutaneous single closed suction drain reduces postoperative surgical site infection, seroma, postoperative pain and the duration of hospital stay significantly compared to patients in whom negative suction drain was not placed

Ecological implications of trace metals in seaweeds: Bio-indication potential for metal contamination in Wandoor, South Andaman Island

AbstractConcentration levels of Mn, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu and Cr in six seaweed samples (Acetabularia calyculus, Corallina sp., Galaxura marginata, Sargassum duplicatum, Sargassum swartzi and Dictyota bartayresiana) were determined from Wandoor, south Andaman Island. Metals were extracted from sample homogenates and quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. In the present investigation, heavy metal concentration levels in the following order: Mn>Pb>Cd. It is observed that Zn was only present in free floating brown seaweed S. swartzi. Cu and Cr did not show its presence in any of the seaweeds that was sampled. Metal pollution index (MPI) of six seaweed species were observed in the following decending order: A. calyculus>Corallina sp.>D. bartayresiana>G. marginata>S. duplicatum>S. swartzi. Results showed that chlorophyta, A. calyculus contained the highest concentration of heavy metals as compared to other algal species. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the concentration of metals was significantly different (p<0.05) with respect to different species around the study area

EVALUATION OF PHYTASE PRODUCTION BY HYPOCREA LIXII SURT01 IN SUBMERGED AND SOLID-STATE FERMENTATIONS

Objective: Phytases have important applications in human and animal nutrition because they hydrolyze the phytate present in legumes, cereal grains and oil seeds to release inorganic phosphate. Supplementation of phosphate to the poultry causes a serious problem of eutrophication. This can be reduced by incorporating phytase in poultry feed. Present study explains extracellular phytase production by SmF and SSF from a fungal strain Hypocrea lixii SURT01. Methods: Extracellular phytase production by Hypocrea lixii SURT01 was evaluated in media containing various refined carbon sources (Fructose, Sucrose, Maltose and lactose in concentration ranging from 1.5% to 7.5%) along with standard medium under submerged fermentation (SmF). At the same time, phytase production was studied under Solid State Fermentation (SSF) with four different substrate such as barley, green gram, bengal gram and black gram. Results: In SmF out of different carbon sources in various concentrations, 6% sucrose showed maximum enzyme production (245U/ml). In SSF, barley showed highest phytase yield (1638 Units/ml) on 5th day of incubation. Conclusion: Evaluation of Solid state fermentation showed enhanced phytase production when compared to Submerged Fermentation

On the flow unsteadiness and operational characteristics of a novel supersonic fluidic oscillator

A novel supersonic jet oscillating method is investigated both experimentally and numerically. A rectangular primary supersonic jet is issued into a confined chamber with sudden enlargement. Secondary control jets are issued from the top, and bottom backwards-facing step regions formed due to sudden enlargement. The secondary jet also expands in the confined chamber shrouding the primary jet from the top and bottom sides. The primary jet is oscillated in the transverse direction by blowing the secondary jets in the streamwise direction in a pulsating manner with a phase shift. The out-of-phase secondary jet blowing causes the primary jet to periodically adhere to the upper and lower part of the confined chamber, causing flapping of the primary jet and acting as a supersonic fluidic oscillator. The supersonic jet oscillation characteristics are experimentally investigated using shadowgraph type flow visualization technique and steady and unsteady pressure measurements. Quantitative analysis of the shadowgraph images using the construction of $y-t$ and $y-f$ plots reveals the presence of periodic jet oscillation with a discrete dominant frequency similar to the secondary jet excitation frequency. The existence of linearity between the excitation frequency and the flapping jet frequency on the low-frequency ($0.66-6.6$ Hz) side is first proven experimentally. Later, the high-frequency ($16.67-5000$ Hz) operation extent of the supersonic fluidic oscillator is further demonstrated using unsteady computational studies owing to the existing experimental facility's limitations. It is found from the computational studies that there exists a limiting oscillation frequency for the present fluidic oscillator (nearly $4.486$ kHz with the particular geometric size and the injection momentum considered in the present study).Comment: 11 Figures. Relevant multimedia views and supplementary videos are embedded in the pdf itself. The article is prepared for submission to Phys. Fluid

Exploring the provision of reliable network storage in highly mobile environments

Computing is fundamentally about processing data which must be readily accessible to processing elements. Hence, the use of storage hierarchies plays an important role in the overall performance of computer systems. Recently, due to the deployment of fast networks, network storage has emerged as a viable alternative to large local storage systems. However, trying to provide reliable network storage in highly mobile environments, such as vehicular networks, results in the need to address several issues. This paper explores these challenges by first looking at the communication dynamics required for seamless connectivity in these networks. It then looks at how services can be migrated as users move around. The results of this analysis are applied to the migration of a simple Network Memory Server using different migration techniques such as Docker, KVM, LXD and Unikernels in an edge environment, represented by a real Vehicle Ad-Hoc Network. The results show that a proactive approach to service migration is needed to support such services in highly mobile environments

EFFECT OF SALINITY GRADIENT SOLAR POND UPON ADDITION OF CaCO3

This study involves the experimental optimisation of the performance of with and without adding CaCO3 in solar pond. The experiment was carried out at Government College of Engineering, Salem, India. Readings were taken for a period of 10 days. The temperature distribution and the amount of heat energy stored were evaluated. For comparison of ambient temperature and three convective zones temperature, the solar pond of volume 0.176 m3 and height of 0.45 m was constructed. The shape of the solar pond is trapezoidal and the inclination angle of the pond is 56º. The temperatures of the solar pond with and without adding CaCO3 were obtained as 50.7º C and 46º C respectively. The solar pond at lower convective zone (LCZ) indicated an increase of 10.2% in temperature. The difference between the amounts of heat energy stored is 12.6 kJ. From the result it is concluded that by adding CaCO3 increases the temperature of lower convective zone (LCZ) and also increases the amount of heat energy stored in the solar pond