Masa Inkubasi Penyakit Karat Daun Dan Tingkat Kerusakan Pada Bibit Perupuk (Lophopetalum Multinervium) Di Persemaian PT. Inhutani II Mandor

This study aimed to determine the level of damage to seedlings Perupuk caused by leaf rust disease and know the incubation time is needed leaf rust pathogen that infects seedlings Perupuk and study the development of leaf rust disease symptoms on seedlings Perupuk. Observation of the stricken plant was conducted using descriptive, of direct observation in the field and conducted an assessment of the extent of damage caused by the attack while the incubation time in the laboratory. The results showed that the leaf rust disease incubation time attacking seedlings Perupuk (Lophopetalum multinevium) were 19 hours and the percentage of plants damaged by leaf rust disease were 71.22%. This was high and affects the quality of Perupuk growth at the sites. While the average level of crop damage due to attack Perupuk leaf rust disease on study sites were classified in the category that was equal to 44.26%. Keyword: Perupuk, attack rate, decay rate, incubation time

Rancang Bangun Kontrol Pengolahan Gula Aren Dengan Programmable Logic Controller

Gula aren diperoleh dari nira hasil sadapan pohon aren  dan  merupakan  salah  satu bahan baku dari pembuatan makanan maupun minuman.  Pembuatan  gula aren  yang  ada   di  Desa Tanggari Minahasa Utara Sulawesi  Utara  menggunakan bahan bakuair nira (saguer), akan tetapi pada  proses  pembuatan  gula  aren masih tradisional dengan menggunakan sepenuhnya tenaga manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat  prototype  alat pengolah   gula   aren dengan menggunakan kontrol  Programable  Logic  Controler  (PLC) dan monitoring  Human   Machine   Interface   (HMI), dilengkapi   dengan   sensor  thermostat   sebagai alat pengukur temperatur  pada  saat  proses  pemasakan   air   nira dengan   gas   LPG   dan motor   wiper sebagai penggerak alat pengaduk. Hasil pengujian yang dilakukan untuk air nira 3 liter dengan suhu ± 100 0C diperoleh gula aren 750 gram. Dengan menggunakan kontrol PLC dan monitoring HMI pada alat pengolah gula aren ini diharapkan dapat meringankan tenaga pekerja   dan   mempercepat   proses   pengadukan   gula  aren sampai mengental sehingga   pada   akhirnya dapat meningkatkan efisiensi produksi.Palm sugar is obtained from the sap of palm tree tapping and is one of the raw materials for making food and drinks. The manufacture of palm sugar in the village of TanggariMinahasa Utara, North Sulawesi, uses sap (saguer) as the raw material, but the process of making palm sugar is still traditional, using full human power. This study aims to make a prototype of a palm sugar processing tool using Programable Logic Controler (PLC) control and Human Machine Interface (HMI) monitoring, equipped with a thermostat sensor as a temperature measuring device during the process of cooking sap water with LPG gas and a wiper motor as a driving force. mixer.From the results of tests carried out for 3 liters of sap water with a temperature of ± 100 0C, 750 grams of palm sugar was obtained.Using PLC control and HMI monitoring on the palm sugar processing equipment is expected to relieve labor and speed up the process of stirring the palm sugar until it thickens so that in the end it can increase production efficiency

Keberadaan Ramin (Gonystylus Bancanus (Miq.) Kurz) di Kawasan Hutan Lindung Ambawang Kecil Kecamatan Teluk Pakedai Kabupaten Kubu Raya

There are the variability of peat swamp forest, one of there domination is Gonystylus bancanus (Miq.) Kurz). Ramin is as one type of constituent of the forest, Ambawang kecil. Currently, its existence endangered due to illegal logging. This research aimed to obtain information about ramin at each level of growth(The number of individuals in the form of availability, level of dominance, and the density of ramin at each level of growth). That information may be the initially to determine the appropiate of silviculture treatment. This research used the line terraced method, with a width of 20 m, the length of each line 200 m as much as 8 lines, the line spacing of 100 m, and the direction of the scratch line 109 ° 18 55.99 E. Determination of the initial purposive sampling done on line, based on the consideration of the information field that that location pretty much there is vegetation ramin, the characteristics of the soil with peat moss in marshy waterlogged conditions. The results of recearch showed that ramin is dominant in seedlings and saplings of growth level (INP=44,65%, 82,96% respectively). Syzygium sp is dominant in poles of growth level (INP=73,60%) and koompassia malacensis is dominant in tree of growth level (=53,78%). Viewed from its density, ramin have fewer number of individuals seedling of growth level (2500/btg/ha) more density mainly for tre of growth level (0,31 btg/ha). Key words : Gonystylus bancanus, seedling, sapling, poles, tree, peat swamp fores

Interfacial microrheology as a tool to study viscoelastic transitions in nanoconfined soft matter

We present a method to perform in situ microrheological measurements on monolayers of soft materials undergoing viscoelastic transitions under compression. Using the combination of a Langmuir trough mounted on the inverted microscope stage of a laser scanning confocal microscope we track the motion of individual fluorescent quantum dots partly dispersed in monolayers spread at the air-water interface. From the calculated mean square displacement of the probe particles and extending a well established scheme of the generalized Stokes-Einstein relation in bulk to the interface we arrive at the viscoelastic modulus for the respective monolayers as a function of surface density. Measurements on monolayers of glassy as well as nonglassy polymers and a standard fatty acid clearly show sensitivity of our technique to subtle variations, in the viscoelastic properties of the highly confined materials under compression. Evidence for possible spatial variations of such viscoelastic properties at a given surface density for the fatty acid monolayer is also provided

Interfacial microrheology as a tool to study viscoelastic transitions in nanoconfined soft matter

We present a method to perform in situ microrheological measurements on monolayers of soft materials undergoing viscoelastic transitions under compression. Using the combination of a Langmuir trough mounted on the inverted microscope stage of a laser scanning confocal microscope we track the motion of individual fluorescent quantum dots partly dispersed in monolayers spread at the air-water interface. From the calculated mean square displacement of the probe particles and extending a well established scheme of the generalized Stokes-Einstein relation in bulk to the interface we arrive at the viscoelastic modulus for the respective monolayers as a function of surface density. Measurements on monolayers of glassy as well as nonglassy polymers and a standard fatty acid clearly show sensitivity of our technique to subtle variations, in the viscoelastic properties of the highly confined materials under compression. Evidence for possible spatial variations of such viscoelastic properties at a given surface density for the fatty acid monolayer is also provided

Patterning Self-Organizing Microvascular Networks within Engineered Matrices

Introduction Hierarchically arranged self-organizing vasculature is a long-sought goal of tissue engineering. In native tissues, various factors such as fluid flow, biomechanical cues and biochemical cues (growth factors & cytokines) work in synergy to achieve high precision over vasculature. To this end, by employing spatiotemporally controlled growth factor’s availability within engineered tissues could help in guiding the developing vasculature. However, the conventional approaches for growth factor delivery often focuses on their immobilization or coupling within the engineered matrices (hydrogel), via various linker proteins or peptides. Even though it provides stable release rates, but imparts limitations upon upscaling with high specificity of multiple growth factors delivery. To overcome this limitation, the present study employed oligonucleotides based aptamers, that are affinity ligands designed to recognize proteins with high affinity and specificity.1 The developed aptamer-functionalized biomaterials were systematically studied for achieving patterned self-organizing microvascular networks in 3D microenvironments. Materials & Methods The aptamer-functionalized hydrogels were prepared via photo-polymerization of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and acrydite functionalized aptamers having DNA sequence specific for binding to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165). Visible light photoinitiator, tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)dichloro-ruthenium(II) hexahydrate with sodium persulfate was used. For patterning, aptamer-functionalized hydrogels 3D printing technique was employed. The human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were used. The construct was 3D bioprinted as lines of aptamer-functionalized bio-ink next to plain GelMA lines (blue beads), making an interface. After 3D printing, the constructs were crosslinked and loaded with VEGF for 1 hr. It was expected that the 3D bioprinted aptamer lines would be able to sequester VEGF from the culture medium, compared to GelMA lines. To study the programmable/triggered growth factor (VEGF) release efficiency, the complementary sequences (CSs) were also added at specific time-points and their effect of microvascular network formation was studied. Results & Discussion The results obtained from physicochemical analysis of the aptamer-functionalized hydrogels confirmed the higher aptamer retention capacity of acrydite functionalized aptamers within the hydrogels, in comparison with the control aptamers for as long as 10 days at 37 °C. The VEGF ELISA experiments confirmed triggered release of VEGF from the aptamer functionalized hydrogels in response to CS addition. Without CS addition, these hydrogels could sustain a controlled release for until 10 days. Furthermore, in co-culture experiments, the developed patterned aptamer-functionalized hydrogels showed high cellular viability and ability to guide microvascular network formation (by HUVECs and MSCs) only within the aptamer-functionalized regions of the pattern, and not in GelMA regions, after 10 days of culture (Figure 1). However, differences in the microvascular organization was observed in the samples with triggered VEGF release on on day 5, compared to the samples without the VEGF release. These observations altogether confirmed the ability of patterned aptamer functionalized hydrogels in controlling self-organizing microvascular networks. Conclusions The present study confirms the potential of patterned aptamer-functionalized hydrogels in guiding self-organizing microvascular networks within 3D microenvironment, by spatiotemporally controlling VEGF bioavailability. Acknowledgements: This work is supported by an ERC Consolidator Grant under grant agreement no 724469. References 1. D. Rana, A. Kandar, N. Salehi-Nik, I. Inci, B. Koopman, J. Rouwkema. BioRxiv (2020) doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.22.308619

Importance of a view window in rating green office buildings

The essence of a view window (VW) in an office building is not only to bring an optimal balance between daylight and electric light, but also for psychological and health purpose. VW does not only allow the admittance of light and views, but indirectly affects the productivity and psychological wellbeing of office occupants; it has a link to the sustainability in both conventional and green buildings. This paper defines the function of a view window as it relates to green office building. Through literature review and an experiment conducted in room 432-01 located at B11 Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. The function of VW in a green office building is highlighted; and the findings show that a VW would enhance sustainability in an office setting and has a dimension greater than 750mm above a finish floor level and less or equal to 2300mm above a finish floor level and with a wall to window ratio (WWR) of 25% to 40%