Complementary network-based approaches for exploring genetic structure and functional connectivity in two vulnerable, endemic ground squirrels

The persistence of small populations is influenced by genetic structure and functional connectivity. We used two network-based approaches to understand the persistence of the northern Idaho ground squirrel (Urocitellus brunneus) and the southern Idaho ground squirrel (U. endemicus), two congeners of conservation concern. These graph theoretic approaches are conventionally applied to social or transportation networks, but here are used to study population persistence and connectivity. Population graph analyses revealed that local extinction rapidly reduced connectivity for the southern species, while connectivity for the northern species could be maintained following local extinction. Results from gravity models complemented those of population graph analyses, and indicated that potential vegetation productivity and topography drove connectivity in the northern species. For the southern species, development (roads) and small-scale topography reduced connectivity, while greater potential vegetation productivity increased connectivity. Taken together, the results of the two network-based methods (population graph analyses and gravity models) suggest the need for increased conservation action for the southern species, and that management efforts have been effective at maintaining habitat quality throughout the current range of the northern species. To prevent further declines, we encourage the continuation of management efforts for the northern species, whereas conservation of the southern species requires active management and additional measures to curtail habitat fragmentation. Our combination of population graph analyses and gravity models can inform conservation strategies of other species exhibiting patchy distributions

Sommergrundlinien 2011

Das kräftige Wachstum der deutschen Wirtschaft hält an. Nach dem Rekordzuwachs von 3,6 Prozent im Jahr 2010 wird die deutsche Wirtschaft dieses Jahr noch einmal um 3,2 Prozent wachsen. Für das nächste Jahr ist immer noch mit einem überdurchschnittlichen Wachstum von 1,8 Prozent zu rechnen. Entsprechend verbessert sich auch die Lage auf dem Arbeitsmarkt weiter, wenn auch nicht so schwungvoll wie in den letzten Monaten. Für das Jahr 2011 ist mit einer durchschnittlichen Arbeitslosenquote von sieben Prozent zu rechnen, im nächsten Jahr dürfte die Quote weiter sinken

Sommergrundlinien 2011

Das kräftige Wachstum der deutschen Wirtschaft hält an. Nach dem Rekordzuwachs von 3,6 Prozent im Jahr 2010 wird die deutsche Wirtschaft dieses Jahr noch einmal um 3,2 Prozent wachsen. Für das nächste Jahr ist immer noch mit einem überdurchschnittlichen Wachstum von 1,8 Prozent zu rechnen. Entsprechend verbessert sich auch die Lage auf dem Arbeitsmarkt weiter, wenn auch nicht so schwungvoll wie in den letzten Monaten. Für das Jahr 2011 ist mit einer durchschnittlichen Arbeitslosenquote von sieben Prozent zu rechnen, im nächsten Jahr dürfte die Quote weiter sinken.Business cycle forecast, economic outlook

Verunsicherung und hohe Schulden bremsen Wachstum

Nachdem die deutsche Wirtschaft 2011 noch um drei Prozent gewachsen ist, sind die Aussichten für 2012 durch die Krise im Euroraum überschattet. Dadurch wird der kräftige Aufschwung unterbrochen, obwohl die Kapazitäten bis zuletzt nicht voll ausgelastet waren. Vorübergehend wird die deutsche Wirtschaft sogar leicht schrumpfen. Für 2012 ist daher nur mit einer Wachstumsrate von 0,6 Prozent zu rechnen. 2013 ist dank des ab Sommer einsetzenden Aufholwachstums dann aber wieder eine Rate von 2,2 Prozent zu erwarten. Auch die Fortschritte auf dem Arbeitsmarkt dürften damit zunächst deutlich nachlassen. Auf das Jahr betrachtet, ist ein wesentlicher Anstieg der Arbeitslosenquote aber nicht zu erwarten. Die Inflationsrate in Deutschland dürfte weiter zurückgehen.Business cycle forecast, economic outlook

Human fatalities from cyanobacteria: chemical and biological evidence for cyanotoxins.

An outbreak of acute liver failure occurred at a dialysis center in Caruaru, Brazil (8 degrees 17' S, 35 degrees 58' W), 134 km from Recife, the state capital of Pernambuco. At the clinic, 116 (89%) of 131 patients experienced visual disturbances, nausea, and vomiting after routine hemodialysis treatment on 13-20 February 1996. Subsequently, 100 patients developed acute liver failure, and of these 76 died. As of December 1996, 52 of the deaths could be attributed to a common syndrome now called Caruaru syndrome. Examination of phytoplankton from the dialysis clinic's water source, analyses of the clinic's water treatment system, plus serum and liver tissue of clinic patients led to the identification of two groups of cyanobacterial toxins, the hepatotoxic cyclic peptide microcystins and the hepatotoxic alkaloid cylindrospermopsin. Comparison of victims' symptoms and pathology using animal studies of these two cyanotoxins leads us to conclude that the major contributing factor to death of the dialyses patients was intravenous exposure to microcystins, specifically microcystin-YR, -LR, and -AR. From liver concentrations and exposure volumes, it was estimated that 19.5 microg/L microcystin was in the water used for dialysis treatments. This is 19.5 times the level set as a guideline for safe drinking water supplies by the World Health Organization

Fast spin echo sequences for BOLD functional MRI

At higher field strengths, spin echo (SE) functional MRI (fMRI) is an attractive alternative to gradient echo (GE) as the increased weighting towards the microvasculature results in intrinsically better localization of the BOLD signal. Images are free of signal voids but the commonly used echo planar imaging (EPI) sampling scheme causes geometric distortions, and T2* effects often contribute considerably to the signal changes measured upon brain activation. Multiply refocused SE sequences such as fast spin echo (FSE) are essentially artifact free but their application to fast fMRI is usually hindered due to high energy deposition, and long sampling times. In the work presented here, a combination of parallel imaging and partial Fourier acquisition is used to shorten FSE acquisition times to near those of conventional SE-EPI, permitting sampling of eight slices (matrix 64  ×  64) per second. Signal acquisition is preceded by a preparation experiment that aims at increasing the relative contribution of extravascular dynamic averaging to the BOLD signal. Comparisons are made with conventional SE-EPI using a visual stimulation paradigm. While the observed signal changes are approximately 30% lower, most likely due to the absence of T2* contamination, activation size and t-scores are comparable for both methods, suggesting that HASTE fMRI is a viable alternative, particularly if distortion free images are required. Our data also indicate that the BOLD post-stimulus undershoot is most probably attributable to persistent elevated oxygen metabolism rather than to delayed vascular compliance

Leaders’ Impact on Public Spending Priorities: The Case of the German Laender

We examine determinants of the composition of public expenditure in the German Laender (states) over the period 1993-2008, as the Laender exhibit a high degree of institutional and political homogeneity and are endowed with extensive fiscal competences. Our prime contribution is an investigation into how political leaders' socioeconomic background influences public spending priorities. Applying sociological theory, we link preferences for the composition of public spending to social status. In contrast to approaches relying on political budget cycles or partisan theory, we find strong and theory-consistent evidence that prime ministers tend to favour fiscal policies supporting the social class in which they are socialised. Governments led by prime ministers from a poor socioeconomic background spend significantly more on social security, education, health, infrastructure, and public safety