A domain equation for refinement of partial systems

Published versio

Outsourcing labour to the cloud

Various forms of open sourcing to the online population are establishing themselves as cheap, effective methods of getting work done. These have revolutionised the traditional methods for innovation and have contributed to the enrichment of the concept of 'open innovation'. To date, the literature concerning this emerging topic has been spread across a diverse number of media, disciplines and academic journals. This paper attempts for the first time to survey the emerging phenomenon of open outsourcing of work to the internet using 'cloud computing'. The paper describes the volunteer origins and recent commercialisation of this business service. It then surveys the current platforms, applications and academic literature. Based on this, a generic classification for crowdsourcing tasks and a number of performance metrics are proposed. After discussing strengths and limitations, the paper concludes with an agenda for academic research in this new area

(2-Benzoyl­phen­yl)(2-meth­oxy-1-naphth­yl)methanone

In the title compound C25H18O3, the central benzene ring forms dihedral angles of 87.4 (5) and 85.4 (4)° with the phenyl ring and the naphthalene ring system, respectively. The carbonyl O atoms deviate significantly from the phenyl ring and the meth­oxy-substituted naphthalene ring system [by 0.508 (1) and 0.821 (1) Å, respectively]. The crystal packing is stabilized by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which generate C(6) chains, and C—H⋯π inter­actions

A Toxicological study on Pooneeru Chunnam (பூநீறு சுண்ணம்)

INTRODUCTION: Pooneeru, which is known as earth Salt (or) Fullers earth is a salt which takes birth from the calcified land. This is also known as dhobis sand. The dhobis used this sand for washing clothes since decades. Now also it is being used by some washermen. The salt taken from this sand is very special in Tamil medicine. This is known as Vaidhya Muppu. One special thing about making Muppu beyond superstitious thought is that, one who is making an attempt to make this medicine will fail in completing it, because some evil spirits may disable the process. So, proper prayers with Gurus blessings is essential in making “Pooneeru Chunnam”. Here the author also faced a delay in making but completed successfully and intentionally. Toxicology deals with quantitative and qualitative assessment of the drug and its effect on the organism and its environment. Infact every substance is capable of being a poison on its long term administration. Anaphylaxis, unintentional overdosing may occur handling a drug for therapeutic purpose. Hence Toxicological study is essential for making a drug suitable for handling. Standard dosage can be assessed. Pharmacological and toxicological studies are necessary for standardization of the siddha drugs. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The main aim of this study is to assess the safety of the drug “Pooneeru Chunnam” on albino rats under various dose levels of drug administration especially in chronic toxicity study. The studies includes the following objectives, 1. To establish the acute and chronic toxicity of the drug, 2. To evaluate the biochemical analysis of the drug, 3. To analyse the haematological investigation and histopathological study of the organs such as kidney, liver, heart and brain in albino rats, 4. To create an awareness among the practitioners of siddha to go for further study of the adverse effects of the drug if present. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Selection of drugs: The crude drug is collected from the field near VARAPPUR, PUDUKOTTAI district and is utilised for making the medicine as mentioned in ANUBOGA VAIDHYA NAVANEETHAM, PART 3. The ingredients of Pooneeru Chunnam: 1. Pooneeru, 2. Kaadi Neer, 3. Veliparuthi Saru. Purification: The pooneeru collected from the field is to be purified inorder to get its atmost efficasy. Sufficient quantity of pooneeru is taken in an earthen pot and dissolved in required quantity of kaadineer (Vinegar). This is agitated well with a bamboo stick. This process is done thrice a day for three consequtive days. This is then filtered in a cotton cloth. This filtrate is allowed to boil in an iron kettle till the water vapourises completely and then it is poured in a porcelain plate and kept in sun and moon to obtain the salt. Then the salt is dissolved with sufficient quantity of Kaadi neer and agitated well with bamboo stick thrice a day for three days. This is then filtered and the filterate is boiled in an iron kettle. The salt is obtained and is kept in sun and moon. The process is repeated for ten times and this supremely purified pooneeru is obtained. Preparation of Pooneeru chunnam: Purified pooneeru is taken in sufficient quanity. This is powdered well in a mortar. The fresh juice of Pergularia daemia (veliparuthi) is instilled and ground well for six hours (2samam). Then the pellets (villai) are made and dried. These pellets are arranged in an earthen disc and it is closed with another earthen disc which matches it and is sealed with a mudded cloth and sent to inceneration / calcification chamber, with 300 cowdung cakes. Then it is allowed to cool and powdered in the mortar.This process is repeated for two more times and the POONEERU CHUNNAM is obtained. Dosage: 4 to 8 Kundri edai (390 to 780mg). Adjuvant: Ghee, Honey, Sukku Kudineer, Cucumber seed juice. Therapeutic uses: • Indigestion, • Gastric ulcer, • Dysmenorrhoea. Result: The said parameters in acute toxicity study were observed on various 6 groups (Group I, II, III, IV, V and VI) Group I – was the control and Group II-VI were treated with the drug at the dose of 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200 mg/100gm body weight of the animal respectively. The results were tabulated in Table I to VI. From the table I-VI it was found that the drug Pooneeru Chunnam did not produce any mortality even upto the dose level of 3200mg/100gm body weight of the animal. On observation, six groups of animals did not show any abnormalities in the behaviour pattern. It is inferred that the drug is always safe upto 3200mg / 100gm body weight of the animal and it also inferred that the lethal dose could not be calculated in the preliminary acute toxicity study. SUMMARY: The drug Pooneeru Chunnam (Anuboga Vaidhya Navaneetham, Part – 3) also known as “Vaidhya Muppu” is an eminent medicine in siddha. This is handled by the physicians for treating gastritis and uterine disorders. Also this is added to other mineral preparations in small quantity to increase the potency of the preperation. The aim of this dissertation is to study the acute and chronic toxicity of the drug Pooneeru Chunnam in various doses in experimental animals. The literature evidences for Pooneeru, Veliparuthi, Kadi are discussed in detail both in Siddha and Modern aspects for quick referals. Previous history of biochemical study for the drug has not been found in any literatures. Hence the biochemical study has been made out and the percentage compounds, the pH, physical properties and toxic metals have been found out. For animal study, the animals weighing around 80 -120gms were selected and the drug is administered. The toxicity of the drug upto 3200 mgs was studied. No mortality was noted in acute toxicity studies. After chronic administration of the drug of about 200mg and 400 mg for two groups of animals, they were sacrificed at the end of the study and the visceras were sent for histopathological examination. Minimal pathological changes were observed. The histopathological microscopic photographs for liver, kidney and heart for the 200mg and the 400mg has been presented here. Haematological evaluation was done. It doesnot reveal any abnormalities. On applying biostatistical measures to the acute and chronic toxicity studies, the drug “Pooneeru Chunnam” is found to be safe upto 3200mg / 100gm body weight of the animal. The lethal dose of the drug cannot be calculated as there is no mortality of the animals taken for this study. Through this study the author suggests the physicians of Indian medicine that there was no toxicity in Pooneeru Chunnam even on the administration of 3200 mg / 100gm. Usually the dose is 390 – 780mg for human, which is relatively very low. Hence unto the study made by the author, the drug may not produce any toxicity in prescribed dose, in prescribed adjuvant. This is a preliminary study and it will be useful for further research studies. CONCLUSION: This toxicity study on “Pooneeru Chunnam” is to bring out the safety of the drug in humans, hence the study is made out in lower animals (albino). This study reveals that there is no mortality in rats within 24 hours of administration in relatively large dose i.e. the acute toxicity. The chronic toxicity study shows that the drug Pooneeru chunnam has produced very minimal histo pathological changes in liver and kidney. No significant changes has been found in the heart. The dose was relatively high compared to the clinical dose. The aim of the study is to find out the type of toxicity produced by the drug. So such a high dose was given. Further studies with smaller doses may perhaps establish the safety of the drug. The patient must be advised by the physician to follow appropriate adjuvant and the dose, during the course of the treatment Care should be taken by the physicians of Indian medicine while prescribing the medicine to the patients. Haematological indices (CBC) and adverse effects if any during the treatment should be recorded. Liver, Kidney and Heart function tests should be carried out during the treatment. This will pave the way to standardize the drug

[2-(2-Meth­oxy-1-naphtho­yl)phen­yl](1-naphth­yl)methanone

The title compound, C29H20O3, adopts an ‘S’ conformation with a dihedral angle of 68.5 (2)° beween the two acetone planes. The central phenyl ring forms dihedral angles of 83.8 (4) and 84.5 (4)° with the naphthalene and meth­oxy-substituted naphthalene mean planes, respectively. Both carbonyl-group O atoms deviate significantly from the naphthalene moiety and the meth­oxy-substituted naphthalene moiety [0.574 (1) and −1.053 (1) Å, respectively]. The crystal packing is stabilized by C—H⋯O inter­molecular inter­actions, generating C(7) chain and R 2 2(10) graph-set motifs

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE BY USING ARTIFICIAL AGGREGATES

granulated blast furnace slag. In this floor hardening powder to be used in artificial aggregates prepared by pelletization method to increase the strength of artificial aggregates. The properties of the materials were studied and compared with natural aggregate for a durability property. Artificial aggregates were prepared for the ratio of 1:2. Then the strength properties like specific gravity, water absorption test, sieve analysis, impact test, abrasion test, aggregate crushing test of the prepared artificial aggregates is tested. In for upcoming phase the ratio, proportion of concrete varies 20%, 40%, 60%, 60%, 80%, 100% to choose an optimum level of aggregate percentage using of casting for beam. The conventional aggregate concrete mix has been designed for M30 grade of concrete using IS method. Finally the normal aggregate is compared with artificial aggregate where flexural strength and durability properties are determined. Then the results are numerically analyzed

(2-Benzoyl­phen­yl)(3,4-dimethyl­phen­yl)methanone

In the title compound, C22H18O2, the central benzene ring forms dihedral angles of 76.0 (1) and 73.1 (1)° with the phenyl ring and dimethyl-substituted benzene ring, respectively. The carbonyl-group O atoms deviate significantly from the phenyl ring and the dimethyl-substituted benzene ring [−0.582 (12) and 0.546 (12) Å, respectively]. The crystal packing is stabilized by C—H⋯π inter­actions

(Z)-4-{1-[(2-Hy­droxy­ethyl)­amino]­ethyl­idene}-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one

In the title compound C14H17N3O2, the dihedral angle between the rings is 16.68 (13)°. Although the compound crystallizes in the keto form, the possibility of keto-enamine–enol-imine tautomerism is explained by a strong intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond