Exercise intensity, redox homeostasis and inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objectives: To compare 12 weeks of exercise training at two intensities on oxidative stress, antioxidants and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D)

Efficacy of high-intensity, low-volume interval training compared to continuous aerobic training on insulin resistance, skeletal muscle structure and function in adults with metabolic syndrome: study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial (Intraining-MET)

ABSTRACT: Evidence of the efficacy of high-intensity, low-volume interval training (HIIT-low volume) in treating insulin resistance (IR) in patients with metabolic disorders is contradictory. In addition, it is unknown whether this effect is mediated through muscle endocrine function, which in turn depends on muscle mass and fiber type composition. Our aims were to assess the efficacy of HIIT-low volume compared to continuous aerobic exercise (CAE) in treating IR in adults with metabolic syndrome (MS) and to establish whether musclin, apelin, muscle mass and muscle composition are mediators of the effect. Methods: This is a controlled, randomized, clinical trial using the minimization method, with blinding of those who will evaluate the outcomes and two parallel groups for the purpose of showing superiority. Sixty patients with MS and IR with ages between 40 and 60 years will be included. A clinical evaluation will be carried out, along with laboratory tests to evaluate IR (homeostatic model assessment (HOMA)), muscle endocrine function (serum levels of musclin and apelin), thigh muscle mass (by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and thigh muscle composition (by carnosine measurement with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H–MRS)), before and after 12 weeks of a treadmill exercise program three times a week. Participants assigned to the intervention (n = 30) will receive HIIT-low volume in 22-min sessions that will include six intervals at a load of 90% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) for 1 min followed by 2 min at 50% of VO2 max. The control group (n = 30) will receive CAE at an intensity of 60% of VO2 max for 36 min. A theoretical model based on structural equations will be proposed to estimate the total, direct and indirect effects of training on IR and the proportion explained by the mediators. Discussion: Compared with CAE, HIIT-low volume can be effective and efficient at improving physical capacity and decreasing cardiovascular risk factors, such as IR, in patients with metabolic disorders. Studies that evaluate mediating variables of the effect of HIIT-low volume on IR, such as endocrine function and skeletal muscle structure, are necessary to understand the role of skeletal muscle in the pathophysiology of MS and their regulation by exercise. Trial registration: NCT03087721. High-intensity Interval, Low Volume Training in Metabolic Syndrome (Intraining-MET). Registered on 22 March 2017, retrospectively registered

Exploration of bubble properties in cryptocurrencies : a hybrid-study with quantitative models for crash estimation supplemented with industry experts

We employ Supremum Augmented Dickey-Fuller (SADF), the General Supremum Augmented Dickey-Fuller (GSADF) tests and a Log Periodic Power Law (LPPL) test to Cryptocurrency Index (CRIX) price data to evaluate cryptocurrencies as a financial bubble. The tests display bubble tendencies during 2017 and into 2018. Current research within bubble analysis has not been successfully implemented for cryptocurrency price data. Our hybridapproach with interviews supplementing the quantitative analysis reflects better the factors that determine whether or not cryptocurrencies can be labeled a bubble. The greatest challenge to determining if cryptocurrencies are in a bubble relates to the fundamental value and the, currently, inadequate estimation method for fundamental value. After assessing cryptocurrencies as money, we see that this analysis does not align cryptocurrencies as a large scale payment system. The definition and characteristics of money are complementary, and it is likely that cryptocurrencies can satisfy these terms better in the future and make up a bigger part of the financial world in the long term. However, anonymity and limited acceptability make cryptocurrencies more likely to function as a niche payment system in the near future. Furthermore, while some cryptocurrencies are superior to fiat money with respect to aspects such as transaction speed and cost, other areas seem underdeveloped. We present arguments for and against a bubble and while the arguments against a bubble are stronger and easier to defend, the arguments for a bubble prevents such a conclusion. The future development of cryptocurrencies is uncertain, resulting in predictions being proportionally inaccurate. Despite, we present our conclusion as an addition to the debate regarding cryptocurrencies being in a bubble or not.nhhma

High day-to-day and diurnal variability of oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy individuals

Objective: Assess the variability and differences in oxidative stress, antioxidant, and inflammatory biomarkers in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and healthy controls. Methods:: Ten men and women diagnosed with T2D and ten healthy matched controls (CON) were recruited. Participants had venous blood taken at six different time points on different days, three in the morning (after overnight fast) and three in the afternoon. Inflammation (IL-6, 8, 10 and TNF-α), oxidative stress/antioxidant biomarkers (F-isoprostanes, protein carbonyls, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase activity, IL-6, 8 & 10 and TNF-α) were assessed. Results:: Biomarker concentrations were similar between groups. There was large variability in nearly all biomarkers for both groups. For inflammatory measures, intra-individual coefficients of variation (CV) ranged from 64.0–92.1% and 100.9–259.0% for inter-individual differences. CVs for oxidative stress markers were lower (7.4–31.2% for intra-individual and 8.6–43.0% for inter-individual). TAC had the lowest intra-individual CV–7% for T2D and 8% for CON. Protein carbonyls were more variable in the afternoon (34% CV) compared to morning (24% CV) in CON. IL-6 intra-individual CV was different between groups for afternoon measurements (93% T2D, 60% CON). Conclusion:: Oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers show considerable variation in both T2D and healthy populations. Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01206725

Effect of high-intensity interval training on fitness, fat mass and cardiometabolic biomarkers in children with obesity: a randomised controlled trial

Background: Paediatric obesity significantly increases the risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases across the lifespan. Increasing cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) could mitigate this risk. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) improves CRF in clinical adult populations but the evidence in paediatric obesity is inconsistent. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of a 12-week, HIIT intervention for increasing CRF and reducing adiposity in children with obesity. Methods: Children with obesity (n = 99, 7–16 years old) were randomised into a 12-week intervention as follows: (1) HIIT [n = 33, 4 × 4-min bouts at 85–95% maximum heart rate (HR), interspersed with 3 min of active recovery at 50–70% HR, 3 times/week] and nutrition advice; (2) moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) [n = 32, 44 min at 60–70% HR, 3 times/week] and nutrition advice; and (3) nutrition advice only (nutrition) [n = 34]. CRF was quantified through a maximal exercise test ((Formula presented.)) while adiposity was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and air-displacement plethysmography. Results: HIIT stimulated significant increases in relative (Formula presented.) compared with MICT (+3.6 mL/kg/min, 95% CI 1.1–6.0, P = 0.004) and the nutrition intervention (+5.4 mL/kg/min, 95% CI 2.9–7.9, P = 0.001). However, the intervention had no significant effect on visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, whole body composition or cardiometabolic biomarkers (P > 0.05). Conclusion: A 12-week, HIIT intervention was highly effective in increasing cardiorespiratory fitness when compared with MICT and nutrition interventions. While there were no concomitant reductions in adiposity or blood biomarkers, the cardiometabolic health benefit conferred through increased CRF should be noted. Clinical trials registration number: Clinicaltrials.gov; NCT01991106