Marine Low Cloud Sensitivity to An Idealized Climate Change: The CGILS LES Intercomparison

Subtropical marine low cloud sensitivity to an idealized climate change is compared in six large-eddy simulation (LES) models as part of CGILS. July cloud cover is simulated at three locations over the subtropical northeast Pacific Ocean, which are typified by cold sea surface temperatures (SSTs) under well-mixed stratocumulus, cool SSTs under decoupled stratocumulus, and shallow cumulus clouds overlying warmer SSTs. The idealized climate change includes a uniform 2 K SST increase with corresponding moist-adiabatic warming aloft and subsidence changes, but no change in free-tropospheric relative humidity, surface wind speed, or CO2. For each case, realistic advective forcings and boundary conditions are generated for the control and perturbed states which each LES runs for 10 days into a quasi-steady state. For the control climate, the LESs correctly produce the expected cloud type at all three locations. With the perturbed forcings, all models simulate boundary-layer deepening due to reduced subsidence in the warmer climate, with less deepening at the warm-SST location due to regulation by precipitation. The models do not show a consistent response of liquid water path and albedo in the perturbed climate, though the majority predict cloud thickening (negative cloud feedback) at the cold-SST location and slight cloud thinning (positive cloud feedback) at the cool-SST and warm-SST locations. In perturbed climate simulations at the cold-SST location without the subsidence decrease, cloud albedo consistently decreases across the models. Thus, boundary-layer cloud feedback on climate change involves compensating thermodynamic and dynamic effects of warming and may interact with patterns of subsidence change

Marine Low Cloud Sensitivity to An Idealized Climate Change: The CGILS LES Intercomparison

Subtropical marine low cloud sensitivity to an idealized climate change is compared in six large-eddy simulation (LES) models as part of CGILS. July cloud cover is simulated at three locations over the subtropical northeast Pacific Ocean, which are typified by cold sea surface temperatures (SSTs) under well-mixed stratocumulus, cool SSTs under decoupled stratocumulus, and shallow cumulus clouds overlying warmer SSTs. The idealized climate change includes a uniform 2 K SST increase with corresponding moist-adiabatic warming aloft and subsidence changes, but no change in free-tropospheric relative humidity, surface wind speed, or CO2. For each case, realistic advective forcings and boundary conditions are generated for the control and perturbed states which each LES runs for 10 days into a quasi-steady state. For the control climate, the LESs correctly produce the expected cloud type at all three locations. With the perturbed forcings, all models simulate boundary-layer deepening due to reduced subsidence in the warmer climate, with less deepening at the warm-SST location due to regulation by precipitation. The models do not show a consistent response of liquid water path and albedo in the perturbed climate, though the majority predict cloud thickening (negative cloud feedback) at the cold-SST location and slight cloud thinning (positive cloud feedback) at the cool-SST and warm-SST locations. In perturbed climate simulations at the cold-SST location without the subsidence decrease, cloud albedo consistently decreases across the models. Thus, boundary-layer cloud feedback on climate change involves compensating thermodynamic and dynamic effects of warming and may interact with patterns of subsidence change

Induction of labor with Foley catheter and risk of subsequent preterm birth : follow‐up study of two randomized controlled trials (PROBAAT‐1 and ‐2)

Acknowledgements We thank all the women who participated in the PROBAAT trials and all participating institutions and their staff for their contribution to this follow-up study. Funding The original PROBAAT-2 trial was funded by FondsNutsOhra. For the PROBAAT-1 trial and this follow-up study, no funding was received. MV received a doctoral grant for teachers by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (023.011.051). BM is supported by a NHMRC Practitioner Fellowship (GNT1082548). Funding sources had no role in design, execution, analyses, interpretation, or decision to submit results.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Formulation of the Dutch Atmospheric Large-Eddy Simulation (DALES) and Overview of Its Applications

The current version of the Dutch Atmospheric Large-Eddy Simulation (DALES) is presented. DALES is a large-eddy simulation code designed for studies of the physics of the atmospheric boundary layer, including convective and stable boundary layers as well as cloudy boundary layers. In addition, DALES can be used for studies of more specific cases, such as flow over sloping or heterogeneous terrain, and dispersion of inert and chemically active species. This paper contains an extensive description of the physical and numerical formulation of the code, and gives an overview of its applications and accomplishments in recent years

Methods of induction of labor in women with obesity : A secondary analysis of two multicenter randomized controlled trials

No funding was received for the original PROBAAT-I trial or this follow-up study. The original PROBAAT-II trial was funded by Fonds NutsOhra. MV received a doctoral grant for teachers from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (023.011.051). BM is supported by a NHMRC Practitioner Fellowship (GNT1082548).Peer reviewe

Adverse drug reactions to tocolytic treatment for preterm labour: Prospective cohort study

Objective To evaluate the incidence of serious maternal complications after the use of various tocolytic drugs for the treatment of preterm labour in routine clinical situations. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting 28 hospitals in the Netherlands and Belgium. Participants 1920 consecutive women treated with tocolytics for threatened preterm labour. Main outcome measures Maternal adverse events (those suspected of being causally related to treatment were considered adverse drug reactions) leading to cessation of treatment. Results An independent panel evaluated the recorded adverse events, without knowledge of the type of tocolytic used. Of the 1920 women treated with tocolytics, 1327 received a single course of treatment (69.1%), 282 sequential courses (14.7%), and 311 combined courses (16.2%). Adverse drug reactions were categorised as serious or mild in 14 cases each. The overall incidence of serious adverse drug reaction was 0.7%. Compared with atosiban, the relative risk of an adverse drug reaction for single treatment with a (3 adrenoceptor agonist was 22.0 (95% confidence interval 3.6 to 138.0) and for single treatment with a calcium antagonist was 12 (1.9 to 69). Multiple drugtocolysis led to five serious adverse drug reactions (1.6%). Multiple gestation, preterm rupture of membranes, and comorbidity were not independent risk factors for adverse drug reactions. Conclusions The use of (3 adrenoceptor agonists or multiple tocolytics for preventing preterm birth is associated with a high incidence of serious adverse drug reactions. Indometacin and atosiban were the only drugs not associated with serious a

CGILS: Results From The First Phase of An International Project to Understand The Physical Mechanisms of Low Cloud Feedbacks in Single Column Models

CGILS—the CFMIP-GASS Intercomparison of Large Eddy Models (LESs) and single column models (SCMs)—investigates the mechanisms of cloud feedback in SCMs and LESs under idealized climate change perturbation. This paper describes the CGILS results from 15 SCMs and 8 LES models. Three cloud regimes over the subtropical oceans are studied: shallow cumulus, cumulus under stratocumulus, and well-mixed coastal stratus/stratocumulus. In the stratocumulus and coastal stratus regimes, SCMs without activated shallow convection generally simulated negative cloud feedbacks, while models with active shallow convection generally simulated positive cloud feedbacks. In the shallow cumulus alone regime, this relationship is less clear, likely due to the changes in cloud depth, lateral mixing, and precipitation or a combination of them. The majority of LES models simulated negative cloud feedback in the well-mixed coastal stratus/stratocumulus regime, and positive feedback in the shallow cumulus and stratocumulus regime. A general framework is provided to interpret SCM results: in a warmer climate, the moistening rate of the cloudy layer associated with the surface-based turbulence parameterization is enhanced; together with weaker large-scale subsidence, it causes negative cloud feedback. In contrast, in the warmer climate, the drying rate associated with the shallow convection scheme is enhanced. This causes positive cloud feedback. These mechanisms are summarized as the “NESTS” negative cloud feedback and the “SCOPE” positive cloud feedback (Negative feedback from Surface Turbulence under weaker Subsidence—Shallow Convection PositivE feedback) with the net cloud feedback depending on how the two opposing effects counteract each other. The LES results are consistent with these interpretations

Induction of labor with a Foley catheter and the risk of subsequent preterm birth: A follow-up study of two randomized controlled trials (PROBAAT-1 and -2)

OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to evaluate the preterm birth rate in a subsequent pregnancy in women who had undergone term induction with a Foley catheter in comparison to induction with prostaglandins. METHODS:This was a follow-up study of two large randomized controlled trials. In the original trials (PROBAAT-1 and PROBAAT-2), women with a term, singleton pregnancy in cephalic presentation with an indication for labor induction were randomized to either a 30cc Foley catheter or prostaglandins (i.e. vaginal prostaglandin E2 in PROBAAT 1 and oral misoprostol in PROBAAT 2). The main outcome measures were preterm birth <37 weeks gestation and preterm birth <34 weeks gestation. Data were collected from hospital charts on subsequent pregnancies from hospitals participating in this follow-up study. RESULTS:14 hospitals agreed to participate in this follow-up study. Of the 1142 eligible women, 162 women (14%) were lost to follow-up. Of the 572 women randomized to a Foley catheter, 251 women had a subsequent pregnancy beyond 16 weeks gestation, versus 258 women of the 570 women who received prostaglandins. There were no differences in baseline characteristics. The overall preterm birth rate was 9/251 (3.6%) in the Foley catheter group versus 10/258 (3.9%) in the prostaglandin group (RR 0.93; 95%CI 0.38-2.24), with spontaneous preterm birth rates of 5/251 (2.0%) versus 5/258 (1.9%) respectively (RR 1.03, 95%CI 0.30-3.51). CONCLUSIONS:In women with a singleton term pregnancy, induction of labor with a 30cc Foley catheter is not associated with an increased risk of preterm birth in a subsequent pregnancy as compared to induction of labor with prostaglandins. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.M. D. T. de Vaan, D. Blel, K. W. M. Bloemenkamp, M. Jozwiak, M. L. G. ten Eikelder ... B. W. Mol ... et al