Literary View of Today's Female authors

In ancient times, our society gave importance to women and it was women who led the society. Bharatiyar and Thanthai Periyar are notable among those who have highlighted the position of women in Tamil literature from a different perspective. This article examines how the writer reflects his society and environment in his works. This article examines about the doubts that raise among the writers, about the injustices to women in literary work of male writers, beautify imagination and parables through new poetry to express and understad feminist revolutionary ideas in the literary works of some female authors

Parakalanayaki in Periyathirumozhi

Acharya Hirudayam is a book written by the Azhagiya Manavalaperumal Nayanar, which explains the devotion of the Tiruvaimozhi bestowed by Nammaazhvar, the lyrical techniques, the philosophical meaning of the epics and the ascendancy of the Divyadesas enshrined by Aazhvar. This article is based on the philosophical interpretation of Nammaazhvar's Agaththurai songs in the book, in the context of Thirumangaiyalwar's internal songs. Thirumangaiyalvar, describing Paramanma as the leader and himself as the leader, ‘arrogant in wisdom; He will speak in the position of a womanizer in love. When Aazhlvar forgets his identity and take the position of Thalaivi, he changes his name from 'Parakalan' to 'Parakalanayaki'. As such, this article explains the philosophical meaning of the proverbial hymns with the help of the astonishing philosophical text

Thirumangai Azhvar Thiruvullam in Madal literature

In vaishnava sidhanta, Bridal mysticism is called as Nayaka-Nayaki bavam. This approach is named as Mathura Bakthi. Namazhalvar, Andal and Thirumangai Azhvar composed many poems in the approach of Bridal Mysticism. Among these pomes, Thirumangai Azhvar’s Siriya Thirumadal and Periya Thirumadal have the uniqueness. Through these poems Azhvar, describes the greatfull bliss through the sensuality. In the state of a bride azhvar named as Parakalanayaki.  In Periya Thirumozhi also the experiences of Parakalanayaki sang by Azhvar. The endless sufferings of Parakalanayaki to attain the god is described in the Siriya Thirumadal and Periya Thirumadal. Parkalanayaki saw the Kudakoothu of krishna, her hero and fall in love with him. She totally surrendered in the feet of her hero. She renounced her femininity; She strongly decided to attain her hero through Madaletram. She dared to reach him even though it was a ignorant approach.  Even though it was not acceptable in the Tamil culture, she said that she would continue to follow the Northern norms. This article deals the Bakthi approaches of Thirumangai Azhvar with the references of Siriya Thirumadal and Periya Thirumadal

Comparative Phyto and Physicochemical Parameters of the Therapeutic Plant Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels in Jaffna District

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae) is an evergreen tree, grown widely in Sri Lanka. It is regularly recognized as jambolan, black plum, and jamun. It is an extensively used therapeutic herbal in the treatment of innumerable illnesses, particularly in Diabetes mellitus in traditional medicine. The goal of the research was to compare the phytochemical and physicochemical properties between the different parts of jambolana tree which is naturally found in Sri Lanka. Proximate estimation of physicochemical properties of dried matured different parts as bark, leaves, fruits, and seeds of the Syzygium cumini havebeen done in the current study rendering to the standard protocols recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Association of Analytical Chemist (AOAC). This study includes electrical conductivity value, moisture content, fat content, and different ash contents analysis. It was found that the leaves had the highest electrical conductivity (16.67±1.53) and the bark had the lowest electrical conductivity (2.44±0.03). The moisture content of the bark was lower (11.30±0.44) in comparison tothat of the seeds (16.34±0.43). Furthermore, the bark had the highest fat content (1.02±0.03) and acid insoluble ash (2.65±0.89), when compared to the seeds (0.65±0.01) and leaves (1.00±0.88) respectively. The seeds had the highest pH (5.39±0.08); total ash (2.18±0.06) and water-soluble ash (5.25±0.55), while the fruits had the highest sulphated ash (1.99±0.55). Qualitative inspection revealed that hot ethanolic seed extracts contained high levels of flavonoids, tannins, phenols, glycosides, alkaloids, terpenoids and quinones, in addition to other parts, which also had high levels of alkaloid content (81.06 mg/g). The current study will contribute useful data in the precise documentation and validation of various parts of S. cumini and may aid in removing contaminants in the preparation of nutraceuticals or medicine. Keywords: Medicinal Plant, Parts, Parameters, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Syzygium cumin

Different Methods of Formulation and Evaluation of Mucoadhesive Microspheres by using Various Polymers for H2 Receptor Antagonist Drug

BACKGROUND: Ranitidine HCl is a H2 receptor antagonist and is used in peptic ulcer disease. It is administered as conventional tablet in a dose of 150 mg and 300 mg. Although proton pump inhibitors have taken over in the treatment of peptic ulcer Ranitidine HCl is still used in clinical practice. Bioavailability of Ranitidine HCl from the conventional dosage form remains problematic in achieving successful therapeutic benefits of the drug. Ranitidine HCl is bioavailable to the extent of about 50 % owing to greater protein binding as well as first pass metabolism. Therefore an alternative drug delivery system that can overcome the disadvantages of conventional dosage form of drug is necessitated in order to achieve desired therapeutic benefits. Mucoadhesive drug delivery system is one of the approaches most preferred for drugs that are poorly bio available following oral administration. Besides mucoadhesive drug delivery system is advantageous for drugs that are primarily absorbed in stomach as the system increases the gastric retention time. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: Multifarious drugs enumerated as once a day delivery have been proclaimed to have suboptimal absorption owing to susceptibility on the dosage form transit time, accomplishing long established prolonged release. Ranitidine hydrochloride is a H2 receptor antagonist and currently used in clinical practice for the treatment of peptic ulcer as a conventional dosage form. The drug has a short half-life of 2-3 h and requires frequent dosing to maintain therapeutic efficacy, which eventually attracts poor patient compliance. Considering the above factors it is desirable that the drug be retained in the stomach for longer period of time to achieve prolonged efficacy of the drug for effective management of ulcer. Mucoadhesion is one of the successful methods of retaining the drug in the target site for prolonged release and exhibit prolonged action of the drug. METHODS: Drug-excipient interactions / incompatibility studies were utmost essential in formulation development. An imperforate characterization and conception of physicochemical interactions of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in the dosage forms are intrinsic part of preformulation stage of new dosage form development as it is most captivating for consistent potency, impregnability and stability of a drug product. In a dosage form, an API comes in direct contact with other components (excipients) of the formulation that facilitate the administration and release of an active component as well as protect it from the environment. Although excipients are pharmacologically inert, they can interact with drugs in the dosage form to affect drug product stability in physical aspects such as organoleptic properties, dissolution slow down or chemically by causing drug degradation. Careful selection of the excipients is required for a robust and effective formulation of dosage forms that make administration easier, improve patient compliance, promote release and bioavailability of the drug and increase its shelf life. Thus, compatibility screening of an API with excipients or active ingredients is recognized as one of the mandatory factors and is at the fore front of drug product science and technology research. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Experimental results were tested by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data represented as mean values ± SEM. The values of p < 0.05 (*) were indicative of significant difference, very significant difference if p < 0.01 (**) and highly significant difference if p < 0.001 (***). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Ranitidine HCl is a H2 receptor antagonist administered in dose 150 – 300 mg in the treatment of gastric ulcer. The effect of the drug lasts up to 5 h and is poorly bioavailable from the conventional dosage form. A gastroretentive mucoadhesive drug delivery system of Ranitidine HCl was attempted as an alternative to conventional drug delivery system for extended release characteristics. Mucoadhesive microspheres of Ranitidine HCl was developed using Chitosan and Eudragit RS 100 as polymers at different drug to polymer ratios. The mucoadhesive microspheres were developed by different methods such as solvent evaporation, double emulsion, coacervation phase separation. The developed microspheres were screened for physiochemical and in vitro release characteristics. The performance of the microspheres in physiochemical characteristics and in vitro release behaviour were compared. The formulations were coded RCS1 – RCS6 (solvent evaporation), RCD1 – RCD6 (double emulsion), RCP1 – RCP6 (coacervation phase separation) for Chitosan microsphere and RES1 – RES6 (solvent evaporation), RED1 – RED6 (double emulsion), REP1 – REP6 (coacervation phase separation) for Eudragit RS 100 microsphere. Based on the performance of the microspheres in various characteristics as mentioned above were analyzed and the best fit formulations from among Chitosan microspheres and from among Eudragit RS 100 microspheres were RCP3 and RES3 respectively. Formulations RCP3 and RES3 were validated for reproducible results on percentage yield, particle size and entrapment efficiency. In the preformulation study the drug and polymer screened for DSC analysis to study the interaction between drug and the mixture. The results showed no change in characteristic peaks in drug and polymer and hence no interaction between them. In the micromeritics study formulations evaluated for bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio and Angle of repose. The data obtained were within the pharmaceutically acceptable limit. Morphology of best formulation RCP3 and RES3 were studied by SEM analysis and the microspheres were spherical and uniform in size with smooth surfaces. Particle size and percentage yield were analyzed and the results showed all the above parameters changed with change in concentration of polymer. Percentage product yield of microsphere was chosen as the criterion for the best formulation for further studies. The formulations RCS1 – RCS4, RCD1 – RCD4, RCP1 – RCP4 RES1 – RES4, RED1 – RED4, REP1 – REP4 were selected for in vitro release study. The selected microspheres showed slow rate of release extended up to 24 h. The rate of release was influenced by particle size polymer concentration and the method of preparation of microspheres. The in vitro release data were fitted in to various kinetic model and zero order, first order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-peppas and the exponent value were explored. The regression values obtained were compared and it was found that all formulations followed first order release kinetics and the release mechanism was found to be non-Fickian anamolous diffusion based on the exponent value. Formulations that showed highest percentage extended release up to 24 h were selected and accordingly RCP3 and RES3 were found as the best formulations. Stability study was performed on formulations RCP3 and RES3 at different storage condition as per the ICH guidelines. The formulations were found stable over storage. The swelling index and mucoadhesion formulations of Chitosan and Eudragit RS 100 were examined and high percentage swelling index and percentage mucoadhesion were found with formulation RCP3 and RES3. Antiulcer activity was performed on the best fit formulations RCP3 and RES3 in albino rats and percentage ulcer protection was calculated. Both RCP3 and RES3 showed highest percentage ulcer protection as compared to pure Ranitidine HCl. In vivo bioavailability was performed on RCP3 and RES3 and Cmax, tmax and AUC were measured. The C max of microsphere extended to 8 h and the AUC of the microspheres were greater than that of Ranitidine and the results showed improved bioavailability of the microsphere. The finding of the present study demonstrates that Chitosan as well as Eudragit RS 100 are beneficial for development of gastroretentive microspheres of Ranitidine HCl. The processing method employed for development of microspheres with best results seems dependent upon the type of polymer used. In the present study Chitosan provided desirable characteristics of mucoadhesive microspheres with coacervation phase separation method, whereas Eudragit RS 100 solvent evaporation method was found suitable. Optimization of drug to polymer ratio concentration was found to be optimum for providing desired characteristics of the gastroretentive microspheres of Ranitidine HCl. At 24 h first order release was observed with both Chitosan and Eudragit RS 100 microspheres and no significant difference in antiulcer activity was observed between Chitosan and Eudragit RS 100 microspheres. Thus it can be concluded that gastroretentive Ranitidine HCl with 24h release microspheres can be developed either with Chitosan or Eudragit RS 100 as an alternative to conventional dosage form for effective control of gastric ulcer

Electric Field Analysis of Breast Tumor Cells

An attractive alternative treatment for malignant tumors that are refractive to conventional therapies, such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, is electrical-pulse-mediated drug delivery. Electric field distribution of tissue/tumor is important for effective treatment of tissues. This paper deals with the electric field distribution study of a tissue model using MAXWELL 3D Simulator. Our results indicate that tumor tissue had lower electric field strength compared to normal cells, which makes them susceptible to electrical-pulse-mediated drug delivery. This difference could be due to the altered properties of tumor cells compared to normal cells, and our results corroborate this

Evidence for endotoxin as a causative factor for leptospiral uveitis in humans

Purpose: To understand the pathogenic mechanism of leptospiral uveitis by determining the profile of infiltrating cells, the levels of cytokines, and the causative factor in aqueous humor (AH). Methods: AH and blood samples were collected from 22 patients with leptospiral uveitis that was confirmed by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Nine patients with Beh&#231;et's uveitis, 10 with phacolytic uveitis, and 13 with age-related cataract were included as control subjects. A cytometric bead array was used to estimate human inflammatory and Th1/Th2 cytokines. The level of endotoxin in AH was estimated by limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test and by dot blot analysis using a leptospiral serovar lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-specific monoclonal antibody. Results: Except for one patient with leptospiral uveitis, AH from all other patients and control subjects was negative for Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin by LAL test. However, a significant level of serovar Copenhageni LPS was observed in AH of patients with leptospiral uveitis seropositive for the same serovar by MAT, in contrast to its absence in all control subjects. A selective infiltration of neutrophils as well as a significant increase in the levels of protein and cytokines IL-12p70, TNF, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 was observed in AH of patients with leptospiral uveitis. Phacolytic uveitis was associated with a high proportion of activated macrophages and increased levels of IL-6 and IL-8, whereas Beh&#231;et's uveitis was associated with a predominant infiltration of neutrophils and increased levels of IFN-&#947;. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the presence of serovar-specific LPS in AH, and thus it is likely that endotoxin is a causative factor in leptospiral uveitis

A Survey on Entry Restriction System for the Fake Server Scheme

Phishing is an endeavor by an individual or a gathering to steal individual secret data, for example, passwords, MasterCard data and so forth from clueless casualties for wholesale fraud, monetary profit and other deceitful exercises. Visual cryptography is an exceptional kind of mystery sharing. In this paper we have proposed another approach for phishing sites characterization to tackle the issue of phishing. Phishing sites include an assortment of signals inside its substance parts and also the program based security pointers gave along the site. The utilization of pictures is investigated to save the security of picture captcha by deteriorating the first picture captcha into two shares that are put away in particular database servers with the end goal that the first picture captcha can be uncovered just when both are at the same time accessible; the individual sheet pictures don't uncover the personality of the first picture captcha. Once the first picture captcha is uncovered to the client it can be utilized as the secret word. A few arrangements have been proposed to handle phishing. By the by, there is no single enchantment shot that can illuminate this risk fundamentally. In this review, the creators shed light on the essential components that recognize phishing sites from genuine ones and survey how great govern based information mining grouping procedures are in anticipating phishing sites and which characterization system is ended up being more dependable