Documented AIDS Cases as the Basis for Projections of Adolescence HIV Infections in the US

Twenty percent of AIDS cases in the U.S. occur in individuals in the age range 20 to 29. The mean incubation time, the time from infection to the onset of AIDS, is in the order of 8 years. Therefore, most of these AIDS cases represent HIV infections that occurred during mid- to late-adolescence. About 800 officially reported cases in the age group 13 to 19 have occurred in the U.S. This low occurrence of AIDS should not be a source of complacency in assessing the need to provide education and behavioral alternatives to this age group. As the predominate mode of transmission of HIV infection shifts from gay-male behaviors and intravenous drug abuse (IVDA) to heterosexual intercourse, adolescents may be at significantly increased risk. The occurrence of STDs and early pregnancies indicate a significant rate of high-risk sexual behaviors in adolescents in the U.S. The rate of adolescent HIV infections can be projected by extrapolation from historical data and by epidemiological modeling and computer simulation. The rates of infection projected by these methods are sufficiently congruent to lend credibility to them. A rate of new HIV infections, in individuals in the age range of 13 to 19, in the order of 300,000 annually should be anticipated within the next 10 years

Appropriate Regulation of Antibiotics in Livestock Feed

For decades, antibiotics have been widely used, saving lives and reducing suffering. Such drugs are routinely employed among both human and farm animal populations. However, scientific data now links the use of antibiotics at subtherapeutic levels in livestock feed to the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the human population. After examining the current research, this Article concludes that despite short-term economic benefits associated with the widespread use of antibiotics in agriculture, the risk to human health justifies a change in policy. This Article recommends a number of steps to minimize the spread of antibiotic resistance. The primary changes would be to phase out the use of antibiotics as livestock feed additives, and to refuse to approve new drugs for this purpose. In either instance, this use would be permissible if the drug sponsor provides convincing evidence that the agricultural use of its particular antibiotic presents no appreciable risk to human health

Study of the characteristics of seismic signals generated by natural and cultural phenomena

Seismic data recorded at the Tonto Forest Seismological Observatory in Arizona and the Uinta Basin Seismological Observatory in Utah were used to compare the frequency of occurrence, severity, and spectral content of ground motions resulting from earthquakes, and other natural and man-made sources with the motions generated by sonic booms. A search of data recorded at the two observatories yielded a classification of over 180,000 earthquake phase arrivals on the basis of frequency of occurrence versus maximum ground velocity. The majority of the large ground velocities were produced by seismic surface waves from moderate to large earthquakes in the western United States, and particularly along the Pacific Coast of the United States and northern Mexico. A visual analysis of raw film seismogram data over a 3-year period indicates that local and regional seismic events, including quarry blasts, are frequent in occurrence, but do not produce ground motions at the observatories comparable to either the large western United States earthquakes or to sonic booms. Seismic data from the Nevada Test Site nuclear blasts were used to derive magnitude-distance-sonic boom overpressure relations

Why Arkansas Should Adopt the Revised Uniform Limited Liability Company Act

In 1993 The Small Business Entity Tax Pass Through Act for the first time authorized the organization of limited liability companies (LLCs) in Arkansas. This Act, which will be referred to in this article as the Arkansas LLC Act notwithstanding its unique actual name, has been subsequently amended more than once to remove some of the ambiguities created by the initial legislation. In August 1994, the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) promulgated a Uniform Limited Liability Company Act (ULLCA). Unfortunately for proponents of uniformity, the ULLCA was introduced after most states (including Arkansas) had already enacted LLC legislation, and the statute never gained the prominence achieved by many other uniform business statutes promulgated by NCCUSL. In 2003, NCCUSL initiated a project to amend and update ULLCA, a project that has often been referred to as the ReUCCLA or RULLCA. This article begins with a review of the current state of law relative to Arkansas LLCs, with a particular focus on potentially problematic provisions in our existing statute. It then provides a general overview of RULLCA, with emphasis on points of similarity and incongruence with our existing LLC Act. Finally, it offers reasons why RULLCA offers advantages that justify the adoption of yet another new business statute in this state

Neither a Borrower nor a Lender Be: Analyzing the SEC’s Reaction to Crypto Lending

In June 2021, the largest U.S.-based crypto exchange, Coinbase, announced plans to allow its customers to earn 4% interest on deposits of certain cryptoassets through a new “Coinbase Lend” program. Despite a positive reaction from its customers, on September 7, 2021, Coinbase announced it had received a notice from the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to the effect that the Commission had preliminarily concluded that the proposed Lend program was a security and that Coinbase would be in violation of the federal securities laws if it proceeded. The threat of enforcement caused Coinbase to terminate the program. Shortly thereafter, in the wake of several state enforcement actions, the SEC also announced a settlement with BlockFi that terminated its crypto lending program in the U.S. Neither of these actions conclusively explained the test that the SEC was using to determine when a crypto lending program involves the issuance of a security. This article considers the appropriate test for evaluating crypto lending programs and concludes that in many cases, the appropriate test should look at whether there are “notes” that fit within the definition of security. This article suggests that the SEC is applying the federal securities laws too broadly without offering sufficient explanation for its interpretations and that the Coinbase Lend program in particular should not have been shuttered. The article concludes that continuing regulatory uncertainty as to the scope of the federal securities laws is depriving U.S. citizens of potentially valuable opportunities

The Case for Preempting State Money Transmission Laws for Crypto-Based Businesses

Few industries are evolving as rapidly or as dramatically as those involving payment systems. The recent advent and spread of cryptocurrencies and associated trading platforms and exchanges, as well as ongoing improvements and innovations in FinTech generally, ensure that this is going to continue for the foreseeable future. Along with this rapid change has come a dynamic increase in the number and range of payment startups, a development that has been recognized as likely to redound to the benefit of consumers and the broader economy. The problem is simply that regulation is not keeping up with innovation