Nanodrug-Enhanced Radiofrequency Tumor Ablation: Effect of Micellar or Liposomal Carrier on Drug Delivery and Treatment Efficacy

Purpose To determine the effect of different drug-loaded nanocarriers (micelles and liposomes) on delivery and treatment efficacy for radiofrequency ablation (RFA) combined with nanodrugs. Materials/Methods Fischer 344 rats were used (n = 196). First, single subcutaneous R3230 tumors or normal liver underwent RFA followed by immediate administration of IV fluorescent beads (20, 100, and 500 nm), with fluorescent intensity measured at 4–24 hr. Next, to study carrier type on drug efficiency, RFA was combined with micellar (20 nm) or liposomal (100 nm) preparations of doxorubicin (Dox; targeting HIF-1α) or quercetin (Qu; targeting HSP70). Animals received RFA alone, RFA with Lipo-Dox or Mic-Dox (1 mg IV, 15 min post-RFA), and RFA with Lipo-Qu or Mic-Qu given 24 hr pre- or 15 min post-RFA (0.3 mg IV). Tumor coagulation and HIF-1α orHSP70 expression were assessed 24 hr post-RFA. Third, the effect of RFA combined with IV Lipo-Dox, Mic-Dox, Lipo-Qu, or Mic-Qu (15 min post-RFA) compared to RFA alone on tumor growth and animal endpoint survival was evaluated. Finally, drug uptake was compared between RFA/Lipo-Dox and RFA/Mic-Dox at 4–72 hr. Results: Smaller 20 nm beads had greater deposition and deeper tissue penetration in both tumor (100 nm/500 nm) and liver (100 nm) (p<0.05). Mic-Dox and Mic-Qu suppressed periablational HIF-1α or HSP70 rim thickness more than liposomal preparations (p<0.05). RFA/Mic-Dox had greater early (4 hr) intratumoral doxorubicin, but RFA/Lipo-Dox had progressively higher intratumoral doxorubicin at 24–72 hr post-RFA (p<0.04). No difference in tumor growth and survival was seen between RFA/Lipo-Qu and RFA/Mic-Qu. Yet, RFA/Lipo-Dox led to greater animal endpoint survival compared to RFA/Mic-Dox (p<0.03). Conclusion: With RF ablation, smaller particle micelles have superior penetration and more effective local molecular modulation. However, larger long-circulating liposomal carriers can result in greater intratumoral drug accumulation over time and reduced tumor growth. Accordingly, different carriers provide specific advantages, which should be considered when formulating optimal combination therapies

Knowledge Level of Mango Orchardists in Relation to Different Practices of Mango in Meerut Districts Uttar Pradesh, India

This study was carried out in the Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh to evaluate the current situation of mango orchardists with the objective, Knowledge level of mango orchardists in connection to various practices of mango orchardists. With the assistance of progressive orchardists and the local pradhan, 10 orchardists were randomly selected from each preferred village, making a total sample size of 80 orchardists for the current study. The structured schedule was developed keeping in view the objectives and variables to be studied. The respondents were contacted personally for data collection. Out of 14 cultivation practices i.e. agricultural practices of Mango cultivation, the majority (56.25%) under high-level knowledge of improved varieties of mango. Most of the orchardists (63.75%) were medium level of knowledge the land preparation practices. It was found that (62.50%) of orchardists had a medium level of expertise in plantation procedures. About (66.25%) had medium level of knowledge the manures and fertilizers application. The majority (72.50%) were medium level of knowledge irrigation management. The majority of orchardists (48.75%) had a moderate degree of expertise on plant protection strategies. It was noted that the majority of orchardists (63.75%) have extensive understanding of the proper harvesting technique. From the orchardists (67.50%) were medium level of knowledge about yields take to bearing of fruit plant. The majority (55.00%) were low level of knowledge about the use of plant growth regulators. It was found that (58.75%) were high level of knowledge about the suitable inter crops. It was observed that the most of the orchardists (38.75%) were reported under medium level of knowledge about the storage of fruits after harvesting. It was noted that (45.00%) of orchardists had low levels of packaging of mango fruits for sale at nearby markets. The majority of orchardists (42.50%) were found to have limited expertise of how to package mango fruits for sale at distant markets. It was found that (48.75% of orchardists had a high degree of understanding on mango marketing

A Study on Personal Demographic Traits of Self-help Group Members (SHG) under National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) in Lakhimpur Kheri District of Uttar Pradesh, India

The study was conducted in Nighasan and Pasgawan block of Lakhimpur kheri district of Uttar Pradesh, by personal interview with 100 respondents; They were selected through proportionate random sampling technique from two selected gram panchayat and 10 SHGs from each gram panchayat. Total 20 SHGs (each block total fifty respondents) were selected randomly. The results of the study show that the majority of the Self Help Group Members were in their middle age (61.00%), other backward caste (41.00%), literates (90.00%) and those who completed intermediate education (38.00%), small family size (63.00%), marginal farmers (56.00%), engaged in farming (54.00%), married (80.00%), low annual income (63.00%), participants in one organization (60.00%), medium level of risk orientation (53.00%), medium level of scientific orientation (59.00%), with formal sources in bank officials/community resource persons ranked Ist, informal sources in family ranked Ist , and mass media exposer in T.V. ranked Ist

Assessment Of Purisha At Laboratory Level- A Review

Ahara is panchabhautika, each element of ahara is not used by thebody, thus it is eliminated in the form of waste(Mala). The importanceof by products, produced during the digestion process, is as importantas food consumption in terms of nutrition for every body segment andthese phenomena are unavoidable. The proper formation of these malasis a reflection of the normal metabolic function and regular dhatuproduction, with good characteristics. Mala have the samephysiological value as dosha or dhatu, since they are considered to bebody moola. The metabolism will be affected if malas are not removedfrom the body, eventually leading to a malformation of tissues anddisease

Alteration in Serum Lipid Profile Pattern in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Potentially Malignant Disorders

Objective: To evaluate and compare lipid profile level in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), oral leukoplakia (OL) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Material and Methods: Thirty histopathologically diagnosed subjects each of OL, OSMF, OSCC were recruited along with 30 healthy controls. 5ml of venous blood is collected and estimated using standard diagnostic kits. Results: The mean of Total cholesterol level in controls was 219.03 mg%, in OSCC, OL and OSMF was 142.89 ± 10.21mg%, 155.44 ± 17.63 mg% and 180.60 ± 13.25 mg%, respectively. The mean low-density lipid level in controls was 137.24 mg and in OSCC, OL and OSMF groups were 109.28 ± 2.16 mg%, 126.63 ± 0.85 mg% and 119.15 ± 0.93 mg%, respectively. The mean of high-density lipid level in controls, OSCC, OL and OSMF was 42.87 ± 0.42 mg%, 36.50 ± 2.31 mg%, 21.13 ± 0.77 mg% and 28.37 ± 1.11mg%, respectively. The mean of very low density lipids level in controls, OSCC, OL and OSMF was 30.12 ± 1.51 mg%, 17.24 ± 0.80 mg%, 22.25 ± 0.93 mg% and 25.89 ± 0.43 mg%, respectively. The mean triglyceride level in controls, OSCC, OL and OSMF was 118.80 ± 9.47 mg%, 91.2 ± 3.03 mg%, 105.05 ± 2.96 mg% and 106.19 ± 3.09 mg%, respectively. Conclusion: Lipid profile levels could be early indicators of precancer and cancer