The International Studies Encyclopedia. Vol. III

Gisela Gil-Egui is a contributing author, E‐Government . Book description: The International Studies Encyclopedia and its online version, International Studies Online, published in association with the International Studies Association (ISA), is the most comprehensive reference work of its kind for the fields of international studies and international relations. The print version is arranged across 12 volumes in an A-Z format and brings together specially commissioned, peer reviewed essays, written and edited by an international team of the world\u27s best scholars and teachers.https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/communications-books/1010/thumbnail.jp

Simulating suboptimal steganographic embedding

Researchers who wish to benchmark the detectability of steganographic distortion functions typically simulate stego objects. However, the difference (coding loss) between simulated stego objects, and real stego objects is significant, and dependent on multiple factors. In this paper, we first identify some factors affecting the coding loss, then propose a method to estimate and correct for coding loss by sampling a few covers and messages. This allows us to simulate suboptimally-coded stego objects which are more accurate representations of real stego objects. We test our results against real embeddings, and naive PLS simulation, showing our simulated stego objects are closer to real embeddings in terms of both distortion and detectability. This is the case even when only a single image and message as used to estimate the loss