The universe formation by a space reduction cascade with random initial parameters

In this paper we discuss the creation of our universe using the idea of extra dimensions. The initial, multidimensional Lagrangian contains only metric tensor. We have found many sets of the numerical values of the Lagrangian parameters corresponding to the observed low-energy physics of our universe. Different initial parameters can lead to the same values of fundamental constants by the appropriate choice of a dimensional reduction cascade. This result diminishes the significance of the search for the 'unique' initial Lagrangian. We also have obtained a large number of low-energy vacua, which is known as a 'landscape' in the string theory.Comment: 17 pages, 1 figur

<i>Phytophthora betacei</i>, a new species within <i>Phytophthora</i> clade 1c causing late blight on <i>Solanum betaceum </i>in Colombia

Over the past few years, symptoms akin to late blight disease have been reported on a variety of crop plants in South America. Despite the economic importance of these crops, the causal agents of the diseases belonging to the genus Phytophthora have not been completely characterized. In this study, a new Phytophthora species was described in Colombia from tree tomato (Solanum betaceum), a semi-domesticated fruit grown in northern South America. Comprehensive phylogenetic, morphological, population genetic analyses, and infection assays to characterize this new species, were conducted. All data support the description of the new species, Phytophthora betacei sp. nov. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that this new species belongs to clade 1c of the genus Phytophthora and is a close relative of the potato late blight pathogen, P. infestans. Furthermore, it appeared as the sister group of the P. andina strains collected from wild Solanaceae (clonal lineage EC-2). Analyses of morphological and physiological characters as well as host specificity showed high support for the differentiation of these species. Based on these results, a complete description of the new species is provided and the species boundaries withinPhytophthora clade 1c in northern South America are discussed

Large sub-clonal variation in <i>Phytophthora infestans</i> from recent severe late blight epidemics in India

Abstract The population structure of the Phytophthora infestans populations that caused the recent 2013–14 late blight epidemic in eastern India (EI) and northeastern India (NEI) was examined. The data provide new baseline information for populations of P. infestans in India. A migrant European 13_A2 genotype was responsible for the 2013–14 epidemic, replacing the existing populations. Mutations have generated substantial sub-clonal variation with 24 multi-locus genotypes (MLGs) found, of which 19 were unique variants not yet reported elsewhere globally. Samples from West Bengal were the most diverse and grouped alongside MLGs found in Europe, the UK and from neighbouring Bangladesh but were not linked directly to most samples from south India. The pathogen population was broadly more aggressive on potato than on tomato and resistant to the fungicide metalaxyl. Pathogen population diversity was higher in regions around the international borders with Bangladesh and Nepal. Overall, the multiple shared MLGs suggested genetic contributions from UK and Europe in addition to a sub-structure based on the geographical location within India. Our data indicate the need for improved phytosanitary procedures and continuous surveillance to prevent the further introduction of aggressive lineages of P. infestans into the country

TEKNOLOGI CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER REFERENSI PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI PHOTO-THERMAL CONVERSION SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF SUMBER ENERGI BARU TERBARUKAN

Energi matahari memiliki potensi yang luas sebagai sumber energi baru terbarukan. Pemanfaatan energi matahari tidak terbatas hanya pada teknologi solar cell, melainkan dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut melalui teknologi concentrated solar power (CSP). Buku ini menyajikan dengan detail terkait dengan teknologi concentrated solar power (CSP) yang memiliki peluang pemanfaatan yang lebih luas yang tidak terbatas hanya pada pembangkitan listrik saja, namun juga untuk aplikasi lain seperti proses industri, pengering hasil pertanian, desalinasi dan pengadaan air panas. Buku ini didesain sebagai referensi penting untuk pengembangan concentrated solar power (CSP) dengan menyajikan konsep kerja mendasar dari sistem, tantangan dari sisi teknologi dan juga tren perkembangan global dari sistem concentrated solar power (CSP). Buku ini dibuat dengan motivasi tertinggi untuk penyajian teknologi pemanfaatan energi matahari melalui concentrated solar power (CSP) mengingat potensi matahari di Indonesia yang sangat besar. Lebih lanjut, peluang pengembangan teknologi ini masih sangat tinggi sehingga sangat dimungkinkan untuk hilirisasi teknologi di Indonesia. Konsep kerja sistem concentrated solar power (CSP) yang unik mampu memaksimalkan proses pemanfaatan energi matahari sebagai sumber energi bersih sehingga diharapkan dapat menekan angka emisi karbon dan juga memberikan peluang kemandirian teknologi yang lebih luas