158 research outputs found

    Croire et croyances d’hier à aujourd’hui

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    Les substances du chamanisme : Perspectives sud-amérindiennes

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    Tout semble se passer comme si, par leur alliance avec un agent immatĂ©riel et intemporel qui leur transmet une substance source de savoir et de pouvoir, les chamanes achuar rĂ©itĂ©raient la situation fondatrice Ă©noncĂ©e dans le rĂ©cit des temps primordiaux de l’institution de la sociĂ©tĂ©. En dĂ©crivant de façon comparative cette logique, j’explorerai plus particuliĂšrement le rĂŽle et la nature des substances essentielles Ă  l’établissement des liens d’alliance entre les chamanes et leurs auxiliaires en AmĂ©rique du Sud. En m’inspirant des remarques formulĂ©es par Bernard Saladin d’Anglure au sujet des « alliĂ©s mystiques », je me demanderai en quoi ces agents immatĂ©riels correspondent Ă  une humanitĂ© primordiale qui fonde l’ethnicitĂ© et les pouvoirs des chamanes.By melding with an immaterial and atemporal substance which is the source of all power and knowledge, Achuar shamans act as if they are continually reenacting the conditions described in the primordial myth, when society came into being. Using a comparative approach to unpack this logic, I will concentrate on the role and nature of essential substances and how these consolidate the ties between shamans and their allies in South America. Inspired by comments made by Bernard Saladin d’Anglure when he discussed ‘mythic allies’, I will examine how these immaterial substances define the quintessence of being human and shape ethnicity and shamans’ powers.Todo parece acontecer como si, a causa de su alianza con una instancia sobrenatural que le transmite una sustancia fecundante, fuente de saber y de poder, el chaman reitera la situaciĂłn fundadora enunciada en los relatos sobre los origines, tiempos originarios de la instituciĂłn sociolĂłgica de la sociedad. El lazo establecido a travĂ©s del intercambio de substancias entre el chaman y su auxiliar englobarĂ­a toda comunidad determinada y relacionarĂ­a singularidades puras antes de toda determinaciĂłn social o polĂ­tica. Contextualizando de manera comparativa esta lĂłgica, explorarĂ© especĂ­ficamente el rol y la naturaleza de las substancias esenciales para establecer lazos de alianza entre el chaman y sus auxiliares

    Fausto Carlos, Os Índios antes do Brasil, Jorge Zahar Ed., Col. « Descobrindo o Brasil », Rio de Janeiro, 2000, 94 p., ill., cartes, bibl., index

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    Ce petit livre a Ă©tĂ© publiĂ© Ă  l’occasion du 500e anniversaire de la dĂ©couverte du BrĂ©sil par Cabral. Il s’adresse principalement au grand public brĂ©silien, auquel il propose une prĂ©sentation historique et anthropologique des populations amĂ©rindiennes du territoire national au moment de la « dĂ©couverte ». Fort bien appuyĂ© par des cartes, des photos et des illustrations en noir et blanc, le texte adopte une perspective continentale afin de situer les AmĂ©rindiens du BrĂ©sil au sein des rĂ©seaux de..

    De filosofia e antropologia, dialogando com o meu Savant professor

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    Durante meu estĂĄgio de pĂłsdoutorado na Unicamp em 1990, sob a generosa orientação de Roberto Cardoso de Oliveira, participei do projeto “Estilos de Antropologia”, que tentava caracterizar diversas antropologias nacionais. Realizei entĂŁo vĂĄrias entrevistas com Roberto. Meu objetivo era evidenciar e entender melhor o contexto pessoal e intelectual da trajetĂłria do meu orientador. AtravĂ©s de citaçÔes dessas entrevistas ainda inĂ©ditas, na presente contribuição Ă© ressaltado o contexto mais pessoal e sobretudo filosĂłfico da trajetĂłria de Roberto. AliĂĄs, me parece que a trajetĂłria de Roberto Ă© paradigmĂĄtica de uma fase-chave de consolidação acadĂȘmica da disciplina no Brasil

    CARDOSO DE OLIVEIRA, LuĂ­s R. 2005. Droit LĂ©gal et Insulte Morale. Dilemmes de la citoyennetĂ© au BrĂ©sil, au QuĂ©bec et aux États-Unis

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    Resenha de Droit LĂ©gal et Insulte Morale. Dilemmes de la citoyennetĂ© au BrĂ©sil, au QuĂ©bec et aux États-Unis, de LuĂ­s Roberto Cardoso de Oliveira, publicado em 2005

    Les Kaingang dans le contexte des études gé et bororo

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    RÉSUMÉLes Kaingang dans le contexte des Ă©tudes gĂ© et bororoLes Ă©tudes portant sur les GĂ© et les Bororo du BrĂ©sil sont exemplaires de la rencontre de plusieurs approches se dĂ©ployant sur une scĂšne rĂ©gionale et nationale et prenant appui sur : 1- une identitĂ© linguistique : l'appartenance au tronc linguistique macro-gĂ© et 2- une organisation sociale dualiste d'une grande complexitĂ©. La nature de l'organisation dualiste est au centre des travaux des GĂ©-ologues depuis les annĂ©es 1930. Plusieurs approches concurrentes ont tentĂ© de comprendre les interrelations complexes existant entre l'idĂ©ologie dualiste telle que conçue par les sociĂ©tĂ©s elles-mĂȘmes et l'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© de leurs pratiques concrĂštes qui ne se limitent que rarement Ă  un schĂšme duel. À partir du cas des Kaingang du sud du BrĂ©sil, ce texte insiste sur une approche contextuelle qui tient compte du dualisme gĂ© et du fait que les Kaingang se conçoivent Ă  la fois et sans contradiction comme monade, dyade et polyade.Mots clĂ©s : CrĂ©peau, dualisme, mythologie, systĂšme symbolique, identitĂ©, parentĂ©, espace social, Autochtones, GĂ©, Kaingang, BrĂ©silABSTRACTThe Kaingang in thĂ© Context of GĂȘ and Bororo StudiesResearch on thĂ© GĂȘ and Bororo of Brazil exemplifies thĂ© convergence of several approaches related to a national context and a rĂ©gional tradition. ThĂšse studies are based on : 1- common linguistic identity (membership in thĂ© macro-GĂȘ stock) and 2- very complex dual social organization. The nature of dual organization has been at thĂ© heart of research by GĂȘ specialists since thĂ© thirties. Many competing approaches hĂąve attempted to understand thĂ© complex interrelationship between dualist ideology — as expressed by thĂ© GĂȘ people themselves — and thĂ© grĂ©Ăąt variety of social practices associated with this ideology. Such practices are rarely limited to a dual framework. Using thĂ© case of thĂ© Kaingang of Southern Brazil, this paper proposes a contextual approach that takes into account GĂȘ dualism as well as thĂ© fact that thĂ© Kaingang see themselves in monadic, dyadic and polyadic terms.Key words : CrĂ©peau, dualism, mythology, symbolic System, identity, kinship, social space, native people, GĂȘ, Kaingang, Brazi

    Le rite comme contexte de la mémoire des origines

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    Jusqu’à rĂ©cemment la vie rituelle des Kaingang du BrĂ©sil, une sociĂ©tĂ© amĂ©rindienne de la famille linguistique GĂ©, comportait un temps fort constituĂ© par la rĂ©alisation annuelle du Kikikoia – littĂ©ralement « manger l’hydromel » –, un important rite de secondes funĂ©railles. La reprise en 1976 de la rĂ©alisation de ce rite, dĂ©laissĂ© pendant prĂšs de vingt-cinq ans suite Ă  de fortes pressions externes, a permis de lui donner une nouvelle pertinence. En effet, la rĂ©actualisation du rituel coĂŻncide avec un regain de vigueur des luttes pour la prĂ©servation de la rĂ©serve kaingang de XapecĂł, dont le territoire initial a Ă©tĂ© amputĂ© de plusieurs milliers d’hectares au xxe siĂšcle. Les Kaingang furent tout Ă  fait explicites Ă  ce sujet en liant sans cesse la rĂ©alisation du rituel Ă  un devoir de mĂ©moire, c’est-Ă -dire Ă  la prĂ©servation des terres ancestrales trĂšs fertiles et convoitĂ©es qu’ils possĂšdent actuellement. Si le rite rappelle ou remĂ©more un acte crĂ©ateur initial, il ne peut le faire qu’en ne le rĂ©pĂ©tant pas, car un acte crĂ©ateur ne peut l’ĂȘtre qu’une fois. Ainsi, le devoir de mĂ©moire s’exprimant par le rite ne peut pas ĂȘtre seulement rĂ©pĂ©tition du passĂ©, mais crĂ©ation au prĂ©sent d’un passĂ© et d’un futur.Until recently the ritual life of the Kaingang of Brazil, an Amerindian society of the GĂȘ linguistic family, was characterized by an elaborated second funeral ceremony: the Kikikoia–literally “eating the honey beer”. Following strong external pressures, the Kaingang abandoned its performance during almost 25 years. Its renewal in 1976 by the people of XapecĂł Indian Reservation in Santa Catarina is directly related to an intensification of their land claims. The Kaingang were always explicit about this by systematically relating the annual performance of Kikikoia with a duty of memory associated to the recuperation and preservation of their ancestral territory. If ritual is all about remembering, recollecting and reenacting an initial event of creation, nonetheless ritual performance cannot simply repeat this opening act because creation happens only once. Consequently, the duty of memory expressed through ritual is not repetitive of the past, but creation, in the present time, of the past and the future.Hasta un tiempo reciente, la vida ritual de los Kaingang de Brasil, una sociedad amerindia de la familia lingĂŒĂ­stica GĂ©, suponĂ­a un tiempo fuerte constituido por la realizaciĂłn anual del Kikikoia –literalmente, « comer hidromiel »–, un importante rito de segundos funerales. El hecho que en 1976 este rito fuera retomado, luego de haber sido relegado durante mĂĄs de 25 años debido a fuerte presiones externas, ha permitido darle una nueva pertinencia. En efecto, la reactualizaciĂłn del ritual coincide con un renovado vigor de las luchas por la preservaciĂłn de la reserva kaingang de XapecĂł, cuyo territorio inicial fue considerablemente reducido durante el siglo XX. Los Kaingang fueron totalmente explĂ­citos al respecto ligando sin cesar la realizaciĂłn del ritual con un deber de memoria, es decir, a la preservaciĂłn de las tierras ancestrales muy fĂ©rtiles y envidiadas que poseen actualmente. Si el rito rememora un acto creador inicial, solo puede hacerlo sin repetirlo, dado que un acto creador sĂłlo puede serlo una vez. AsĂ­, el deber de memoria se expresa por el rito no puede ser solamente repeticiĂłn del pasado, sino creaciĂłn en el presente de un pasado y de un futuro. (Trad. de VĂ©ronica BĂ©liveau-GimĂ©nez

    “Os KamĂ© vĂŁo sempre primeiro”: dualismo social e reciprocidade entre os Kaingang

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    A natureza das organizaçÔes sociais dualistas e o papel da reciprocidade estiveram no centro da pesquisa antropolĂłgica sobre as sociedades Ge e Mororo do Brasil a partir dos anos 1920. Diferentes teorias foram propostas para explicar a relação existente entre a ideologia dualista e a grande variedade dr prĂĄticas de reciprocidade associadas a esta ideologia. A partir de dados de campo coletados entre os Kaingang do sul do Brasil, este artigo reexamina o papel atribuĂ­do à troca e à reciprocidade à luz de um contexto ritual Â«â€ÂąspccĂ­fico: o grande ritual anual do segundo funeral, chamado Kikikoia. O artigo tambĂ©m propĂ”e uma releitura do Ensaio Sobre a DĂĄdiva de Mareei Mauss, focalizando particularmente os problemas da dĂĄdiva inicial e da obrigação de retribuir

    Reexamination of Quantum Bit Commitment: the Possible and the Impossible

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    Bit commitment protocols whose security is based on the laws of quantum mechanics alone are generally held to be impossible. In this paper we give a strengthened and explicit proof of this result. We extend its scope to a much larger variety of protocols, which may have an arbitrary number of rounds, in which both classical and quantum information is exchanged, and which may include aborts and resets. Moreover, we do not consider the receiver to be bound to a fixed "honest" strategy, so that "anonymous state protocols", which were recently suggested as a possible way to beat the known no-go results are also covered. We show that any concealing protocol allows the sender to find a cheating strategy, which is universal in the sense that it works against any strategy of the receiver. Moreover, if the concealing property holds only approximately, the cheat goes undetected with a high probability, which we explicitly estimate. The proof uses an explicit formalization of general two party protocols, which is applicable to more general situations, and a new estimate about the continuity of the Stinespring dilation of a general quantum channel. The result also provides a natural characterization of protocols that fall outside the standard setting of unlimited available technology, and thus may allow secure bit commitment. We present a new such protocol whose security, perhaps surprisingly, relies on decoherence in the receiver's lab.Comment: v1: 26 pages, 4 eps figures. v2: 31 pages, 5 eps figures; replaced with published version; title changed to comply with puzzling Phys. Rev. regulations; impossibility proof extended to protocols with infinitely many rounds or a continuous communication tree; security proof of decoherence monster protocol expanded; presentation clarifie
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