Clinical utility of tolvaptan in the management of hyponatremia in heart failure patients

Hyponatremia is an electrolyte disorder frequently observed in several clinical settings and common in hospitalized patients with decompensated heart failure (HF). It is caused by deregulation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) homeostasis associated with water retention in hypervolemic or in euvolemic states. While hypervolemic hypotonic hyponatremia is also seen in advanced liver cirrhosis, renal failure, and nephrotic syndrome, the bulk of evidence associating this electrolyte disorder to increasing morbidity and mortality can be found in the HF literature. Hospitalized HF patients with low serum sodium concentration have lower short-term and long-term survival, longer hospital stay and increased readmission rates. Conventional therapeutic approaches, ie, restriction of fluid intake, saline and diuretics, can be effective, but often the results are unpredictable. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of nonpeptide AVP receptor antagonists (vaptans) in the treatment of hyponatremia. The vaptans induce aquaresis, an electrolyte-sparing excretion of free water resulting in the correction of serum sodium concentrations and plasma osmolality, without activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) or changes in renal function and blood pressure. Further prospective studies in a selected congestive HF population with hyponatremia, using clinical-status titrated dose of tolvaptan, are needed to determine whether serum sodium normalization will be translated into a better long-term prognosis. This review will focus on recent clinical trials with tolvaptan, an oral V2 receptor antagonist, in HF patients. The ability of tolvaptan to safely increase serum sodium concentration without activating the RAAS or compromising renal function and electrolyte balance makes it an attractive agent for treating hyponatremic HF patients

HOSPITAL PERFORMANCE FOR ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND HOUSEHOLD INCOME

Von Alfred Rehde

Chapter 1 An eTextBook in Computational Physics with Multiple Executable Elements

Abstract A complete eTextBook with multiple executable elements has been created, and Web-based versions have been placed in repositories affiliated with the US National Science Digital Library. The book, which is aimed at upper-division undergraduates, contains files format and executable elements chosen to be platform independent, highly useable and free. While future technologies and operating systems promise vastly improved executable books, the created eTextbook highlights some of the features possible with existing technologies. The project combines some 20 years of Computational Physics textbook developments and 15 years of Web enhancement developments into a prototype eTextBook that includes text, computational laboratories, demonstrations and video-based lecture modules

Investigating bound handling schemes and parameter settings for the interior search algorithm to solve truss problems

The interior search algorithm (ISA) is an optimization algorithm inspired by esthetic techniques used for interior design and decoration. The algorithm has only one parameter, controlled by θ, and uses an evolutionary boundary constraint handling (BCH) strategy to keep itself within an admissible solution space while approaching the optimum. We apply the ISA to find optimal weight design of truss structures with frequency constraints. Sensitivity of the ISA's performance to the θ parameter and the BCH strategy is investigated by considering different values of θ and BCH techniques. This is the first study in the literature on the sensitivity of truss optimization problems to various BCH approaches. Moreover, we also study the impact of different BCH methods on diversification and intensification. Through extensive numerical simulations, we identified the best BCH methods that provide consistently better results for all truss problems studied, and obtained a range of θ that maximizes the ISA's performance for all problem classes studied. However, results also recommend further fine-tuning of parameter settings for specific case studies to obtain the best results

What are we downloading for our children? Best-selling children’s apps in four European countries

The present article provides an overview of the best-selling apps for the age range of 0–8 years under various categories, including ‘Kids’, ‘Books’, ‘Educational games’, ‘Family games’ and ‘Word games’ in the two major application stores (Google Play and iTunes App Store) in four economically diverse European countries: Hungary, Turkey, Greece and the Netherlands. As tablets seem to be a substantial part of children’s leisure activities, and thus apps might play an important role in their development, we conducted a content analysis to highlight two issues: the educational value of the most popular children’s apps and the fine-tuning of apps to the local culture and language of non-English speaking countries. There is a large overlap between the best-selling apps in the four countries; in fact, half of the apps appear among the most popular lists in more than one country. Consequently, most children’s apps do not include any oral language and, if they do, they are not available in the local language. Furthermore, the results show that a substantial part of the apps supported early literacy skills. In the majority of apps teaching literacy, although advertised for the youngest, the focus of instruction was more suited for school-age children

Radial turbine sound and noise characterisation with acoustic transfer matrices by means of fast one-dimensional models

This is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in International Journal of Engine Research. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published as https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087419889429.[EN] Estimating correctly the turbine acoustics can be valuable during the engine design stage; in fact, it can lead to a more optimised design of the silencer and aftertreatment, as well as to better prediction of the scavenging effects. However, obtaining the sound and noise emissions of radial turbocharger turbines with low computational costs can be challenging. To consider these effects in a time-efficient manner, the acoustic response of single-entry radial turbines can be characterised by means of acoustic transfer matrices that change with the operating conditions. Exploiting the different time-scales of the acoustic phenomena and the change in the operating point of the turbine, lookup tables of acoustic transfer matrices can be computed. Then, the obtained characterisation can be used in mean-value engine models. This article presents a method for generating these lookup tables by means of fast one-dimensional simulations of thoroughly validated fidelity, in terms of both acoustics and extrapolation capabilities. Due to the inherent behaviour of radial turbines, the number of computations needed to fill the lookup tables is relatively small, so the method can be used as a simple preprocessing phase before mean-value simulation campaigns.Torregrosa, AJ.; García-Cuevas González, LM.; Inhestern, LB.; Soler-Blanco, P. (2021). Radial turbine sound and noise characterisation with acoustic transfer matrices by means of fast one-dimensional models. International Journal of Engine Research. 22(4):1312-1328. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087419889429S13121328224Broatch, A., Galindo, J., Navarro, R., & García-Tíscar, J. (2014). Methodology for experimental validation of a CFD model for predicting noise generation in centrifugal compressors. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 50, 134-144. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2014.06.006Galindo, J., Tiseira, A., Navarro, R., Tarí, D., & Meano, C. M. (2017). Effect of the inlet geometry on performance, surge margin and noise emission of an automotive turbocharger compressor. Applied Thermal Engineering, 110, 875-882. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.08.099Peat, K. S., Torregrosa, A. J., Broatch, A., & Fernández, T. (2006). An investigation into the passive acoustic effect of the turbine in an automotive turbocharger. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 295(1-2), 60-75. doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2005.11.033Torregrosa, A., Galindo, J., Serrano, J. R., & Tiseira, A. (2009). A Procedure for the Unsteady Characterization of Turbochargers in Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines. Fluid Machinery and Fluid Mechanics, 72-79. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-89749-1_10Torregrosa, A. J., Broatch, A., Navarro, R., & García-Tíscar, J. (2014). Acoustic characterization of automotive turbocompressors. International Journal of Engine Research, 16(1), 31-37. doi:10.1177/1468087414562866Broatch, A., Galindo, J., Navarro, R., García-Tíscar, J., Daglish, A., & Sharma, R. K. (2015). Simulations and measurements of automotive turbocharger compressor whoosh noise. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 9(1), 12-20. doi:10.1080/19942060.2015.1004788Broatch, A., Galindo, J., Navarro, R., & García-Tíscar, J. (2016). Numerical and experimental analysis of automotive turbocharger compressor aeroacoustics at different operating conditions. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 61, 245-255. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2016.04.003Wallace, F. J., & Adgey, J. (1967). Paper 1: Theoretical Assessment of the Non-Steady Flow Performance of Inward Radial Flow Turbines. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Conference Proceedings, 182(8), 22-36. doi:10.1243/pime_conf_1967_182_211_02Piscaglia, F., Onorati, A., Marelli, S., & Capobianco, M. (2018). A detailed one-dimensional model to predict the unsteady behavior of turbocharger turbines for internal combustion engine applications. International Journal of Engine Research, 20(3), 327-349. doi:10.1177/1468087417752525Galindo, J., Fajardo, P., Navarro, R., & García-Cuevas, L. M. (2013). Characterization of a radial turbocharger turbine in pulsating flow by means of CFD and its application to engine modeling. Applied Energy, 103, 116-127. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.09.013Galindo, J., Tiseira, A., Fajardo, P., & García-Cuevas, L. M. (2014). Development and validation of a radial variable geometry turbine model for transient pulsating flow applications. Energy Conversion and Management, 85, 190-203. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.05.072Avola, C., Copeland, C., Romagnoli, A., Burke, R., & Dimitriou, P. (2017). Attempt to correlate simulations and measurements of turbine performance under pulsating flows for automotive turbochargers. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 233(2), 174-187. doi:10.1177/0954407017739123Galindo, J., Climent, H., Tiseira, A., & García-Cuevas, L. M. (2016). Effect of the numerical scheme resolution on quasi-2D simulation of an automotive radial turbine under highly pulsating flow. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 291, 112-126. doi:10.1016/j.cam.2015.02.025Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., García-Cuevas, L. M., Dombrovsky, A., & Tartoussi, H. (2016). Development and validation of a radial turbine efficiency and mass flow model at design and off-design conditions. Energy Conversion and Management, 128, 281-293. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.09.032Galindo, J., Navarro, R., García-Cuevas, L. M., Tarí, D., Tartoussi, H., & Guilain, S. (2018). A zonal approach for estimating pressure ratio at compressor extreme off-design conditions. International Journal of Engine Research, 20(4), 393-404. doi:10.1177/1468087418754899Payri, F., Olmeda, P., Arnau, F. J., Dombrovsky, A., & Smith, L. (2014). External heat losses in small turbochargers: Model and experiments. Energy, 71, 534-546. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.04.096Serrano, J. R., Olmeda, P., Arnau, F. J., Dombrovsky, A., & Smith, L. (2015). Turbocharger heat transfer and mechanical losses influence in predicting engines performance by using one-dimensional simulation codes. Energy, 86, 204-218. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.130Serrano, J. R., Olmeda, P., Tiseira, A., García-Cuevas, L. M., & Lefebvre, A. (2013). Theoretical and experimental study of mechanical losses in automotive turbochargers. Energy, 55, 888-898. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.04.042Piñero, G., Vergara, L., Desantes, J. M., & Broatch, A. (2000). Estimation of velocity fluctuation in internal combustion engine exhaust systems through beamforming techniques. Measurement Science and Technology, 11(11), 1585-1595. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/11/11/307Galindo, J., Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., & Piqueras, P. (2009). Description of a Semi-Independent Time Discretization Methodology for a One-Dimensional Gas Dynamics Model. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 131(3). doi:10.1115/1.2983015Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., Dolz, V., Tiseira, A., & Cervelló, C. (2008). A model of turbocharger radial turbines appropriate to be used in zero- and one-dimensional gas dynamics codes for internal combustion engines modelling. Energy Conversion and Management, 49(12), 3729-3745. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2008.06.031Serrano, J. R., Tiseira, A., García-Cuevas, L. M., Inhestern, L. B., & Tartoussi, H. (2017). Radial turbine performance measurement under extreme off-design conditions. Energy, 125, 72-84. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.118Welch, P. (1967). The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms. IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics, 15(2), 70-73. doi:10.1109/tau.1967.1161901Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., García-Cuevas, L. M., & Inhestern, L. B. (2019). An innovative losses model for efficiency map fitting of vaneless and variable vaned radial turbines extrapolating towards extreme off-design conditions. Energy, 180, 626-639. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.062Van Leer, B. (1974). Towards the ultimate conservative difference scheme. II. Monotonicity and conservation combined in a second-order scheme. Journal of Computational Physics, 14(4), 361-370. doi:10.1016/0021-9991(74)90019-9Toro, E. F., Spruce, M., & Speares, W. (1994). Restoration of the contact surface in the HLL-Riemann solver. Shock Waves, 4(1), 25-34. doi:10.1007/bf01414629Courant, R., Friedrichs, K., & Lewy, H. (1928). �ber die partiellen Differenzengleichungen der mathematischen Physik. Mathematische Annalen, 100(1), 32-74. doi:10.1007/bf0144883

A Review of Heat Transfer in Turbochargers

The conventional powertrain has seen a continuous wave of energy optimization, focusing heavily on boosting and engine downsizing. This trend is pushing OEMs to consider turbocharging as a premium solution for exhaust energy recovery. Turbocharger is an established, economically viable solution which recovers waste energy from the exhaust gasses, and in the process providing higher pressure and mass of air to the engine. However, a turbocharger has to be carefully matched to the engine. The process of matching a turbocharger to an engine is implemented in the early stages of design, through air system simulations. In these simulations, a turbocharger component is represented largely by performance maps and it serves as a boundary condition to the engine. The thermodynamic parameters of a turbocharger are calculated through the performance maps which are usually generated experimentally in gas test stands and used as look-up table in the engine models. Thus, the operational of the engine is dictated by the air flow thermodynamic parameters (pressure, temperature and mass flow) from the turbocharger compressor; this in turn will determine the thermodynamic parameters for the exhaust gas entering the turbocharger turbine. The importance and its sensitivity dictate that any heat transfer affecting the experiments to acquire the performance maps will cause errors in the characterization of a turbocharger. This will consequently lead to inaccurate predictions from the engine model if the heat transfer effects are not properly accounted for. The current paper provides a comprehensive review on how the industry and academics are addressing the heat transfer issue through advancing researches. The review begins by defining the main issues related with heat transfer in turbochargers and the state-of-the-art research looking into it. The paper also provides some inputs and recommendations on the research areas which should be further investigated in the years to come

Experimental validation of a one-dimensional twin-entry radial turbine model under non-linear pulse conditions

This is the author¿s version of a work that was accepted for publication in International Journal of Engine Research. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published as https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087419869157[EN] This article presents the experimental validation of a complete integrated one-dimensional twin-scroll turbine model able to be used in reciprocating internal combustion engine unsteady simulations. A passenger car with a twin-entry-type turbine has been tested under engine-like pulse conditions by means of a specifically built gas stand. To obtain high-resolution quality data, the turbine and turbine line pipes have been instrumented with mean and instantaneous pressure sensors as well as temperature and mass flow sensors, employing a uniquely designed rotating valve for the pulse generation. This experimental configuration enables to obtain the pressure decomposition in both inlets and outlets of the turbine. Using the experimental data obtained, the model is fully validated, with special focus on the reflected and transmitted components for analysing the performance of the model and its non-linear acoustics prediction capabilities. The model presents a very high degree of correlation with the experimental results, providing a range of errors similar to the uncertainty of the measurements, even in the medium- and high-frequency spectra.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the 'Ayuda a Primeros Proyectos de Investigacion' (PAID-06-18), Vicerrectorado de Investigacion, Innovacion y Transferencia de la Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain. P.S. was partially supported through contract FPI-2017-S2-1428 of Programa de Apoyo para la Investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID) of Universitat Politecnica de Valencia.Serrano, J.; Arnau Martínez, FJ.; García-Cuevas González, LM.; Soler-Blanco, P.; Cheung, R. (2021). Experimental validation of a one-dimensional twin-entry radial turbine model under non-linear pulse conditions. International Journal of Engine Research. 22(2):390-406. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087419869157S390406222Watson, N., & Janota, M. S. (1982). Turbocharging the Internal Combustion Engine. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-04024-7Galindo, J., Fajardo, P., Navarro, R., & García-Cuevas, L. M. (2013). Characterization of a radial turbocharger turbine in pulsating flow by means of CFD and its application to engine modeling. Applied Energy, 103, 116-127. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.09.013Torregrosa, A. J., Broatch, A., Navarro, R., & García-Tíscar, J. (2014). Acoustic characterization of automotive turbocompressors. International Journal of Engine Research, 16(1), 31-37. doi:10.1177/1468087414562866Serrano, J. R., Tiseira, A., García-Cuevas, L. M., Inhestern, L. B., & Tartoussi, H. (2017). Radial turbine performance measurement under extreme off-design conditions. Energy, 125, 72-84. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.118Piscaglia, F., Onorati, A., Marelli, S., & Capobianco, M. (2018). A detailed one-dimensional model to predict the unsteady behavior of turbocharger turbines for internal combustion engine applications. International Journal of Engine Research, 20(3), 327-349. doi:10.1177/1468087417752525Galindo, J., Arnau, F. J., García-Cuevas, L. M., & Soler, P. (2018). Experimental validation of a quasi-two-dimensional radial turbine model. International Journal of Engine Research, 21(6), 915-926. doi:10.1177/1468087418788502Rajoo, S., Romagnoli, A., & Martinez-Botas, R. F. (2012). Unsteady performance analysis of a twin-entry variable geometry turbocharger turbine. Energy, 38(1), 176-189. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.12.017Rajoo, S., & Martinez-Botas, R. (2008). Variable Geometry Mixed Flow Turbine for Turbochargers: An Experimental Study. International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems, 1(1), 155-168. doi:10.5293/ijfms.2008.1.1.155Copeland, C. D., Martinez-Botas, R., & Seiler, M. (2010). Comparison Between Steady and Unsteady Double-Entry Turbine Performance Using the Quasi-Steady Assumption. Journal of Turbomachinery, 133(3). doi:10.1115/1.4000580Copeland, C. D., Martinez-Botas, R., & Seiler, M. (2011). Unsteady Performance of a Double Entry Turbocharger Turbine With a Comparison to Steady Flow Conditions. Journal of Turbomachinery, 134(2). doi:10.1115/1.4003171Costall, A. W., McDavid, R. M., Martinez-Botas, R. F., & Baines, N. C. (2010). Pulse Performance Modeling of a Twin Entry Turbocharger Turbine Under Full and Unequal Admission. Journal of Turbomachinery, 133(2). doi:10.1115/1.4000566Yang, M., Martinez-Botas, R., Rajoo, S., Yokoyama, T., & Ibaraki, S. (2015). An investigation of volute cross-sectional shape on turbocharger turbine under pulsating conditions in internal combustion engine. Energy Conversion and Management, 105, 167-177. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2015.06.038Copeland, C. D., Newton, P. J., Martinez-Botas, R., & Seiler, M. (2011). The Effect of Unequal Admission on the Performance and Loss Generation in a Double-Entry Turbocharger Turbine. Journal of Turbomachinery, 134(2). doi:10.1115/1.4003226Cerdoun, M., & Ghenaiet, A. (2018). Unsteady behaviour of a twin entry radial turbine under engine like inlet flow conditions. Applied Thermal Engineering, 130, 93-111. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.11.001Payri, F., Benajes, J., & Reyes, M. (1996). Modelling of supercharger turbines in internal-combustion engines. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 38(8-9), 853-869. doi:10.1016/0020-7403(95)00105-0Chiong, M. S., Rajoo, S., Martinez-Botas, R. F., & Costall, A. W. (2012). Engine turbocharger performance prediction: One-dimensional modeling of a twin entry turbine. Energy Conversion and Management, 57, 68-78. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2011.12.001Chiong, M. S., Rajoo, S., Romagnoli, A., Costall, A. W., & Martinez-Botas, R. F. (2016). One-dimensional pulse-flow modeling of a twin-scroll turbine. Energy, 115, 1291-1304. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.09.041Galindo, J., Navarro, R., García-Cuevas, L. M., Tarí, D., Tartoussi, H., & Guilain, S. (2018). A zonal approach for estimating pressure ratio at compressor extreme off-design conditions. International Journal of Engine Research, 20(4), 393-404. doi:10.1177/1468087418754899Payri, F., Olmeda, P., Arnau, F. J., Dombrovsky, A., & Smith, L. (2014). External heat losses in small turbochargers: Model and experiments. Energy, 71, 534-546. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.04.096Serrano, J. R., Olmeda, P., Arnau, F. J., Dombrovsky, A., & Smith, L. (2015). Turbocharger heat transfer and mechanical losses influence in predicting engines performance by using one-dimensional simulation codes. Energy, 86, 204-218. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.130Gil, A., Tiseira, A. O., García-Cuevas, L. M., Usaquén, T. R., & Mijotte, G. (2018). Fast three-dimensional heat transfer model for computing internal temperatures in the bearing housing of automotive turbochargers. International Journal of Engine Research, 21(8), 1286-1297. doi:10.1177/1468087418804949Serrano, J. R., Olmeda, P., Tiseira, A., García-Cuevas, L. M., & Lefebvre, A. (2013). Theoretical and experimental study of mechanical losses in automotive turbochargers. Energy, 55, 888-898. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.04.042Piñero, G., Vergara, L., Desantes, J. M., & Broatch, A. (2000). Estimation of velocity fluctuation in internal combustion engine exhaust systems through beamforming techniques. Measurement Science and Technology, 11(11), 1585-1595. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/11/11/307Zimmermann, R., Baar, R., & Biet, C. (2016). Determination of the isentropic turbine efficiency due to adiabatic measurements and the validation of the conditions via a new criterion. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 232(24), 4485-4494. doi:10.1177/0954406216670683Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., Gracía-Cuevas, L. M., Samala, V., & Smith, L. (2019). Experimental approach for the characterization and performance analysis of twin entry radial-inflow turbines in a gas stand and with different flow admission conditions. Applied Thermal Engineering, 159, 113737. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.113737Serrano, J. R., Olmeda, P., Páez, A., & Vidal, F. (2010). An experimental procedure to determine heat transfer properties of turbochargers. Measurement Science and Technology, 21(3), 035109. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/21/3/035109Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., Dolz, V., Tiseira, A., & Cervelló, C. (2008). A model of turbocharger radial turbines appropriate to be used in zero- and one-dimensional gas dynamics codes for internal combustion engines modelling. Energy Conversion and Management, 49(12), 3729-3745. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2008.06.031Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., Fajardo, P., Reyes Belmonte, M. A., & Vidal, F. (2012). Contribution to the Modeling and Understanding of Cold Pulsating Flow Influence in the Efficiency of Small Radial Turbines for Turbochargers. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 134(10). doi:10.1115/1.4007027Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., García-Cuevas, L. M., Dombrovsky, A., & Tartoussi, H. (2016). Development and validation of a radial turbine efficiency and mass flow model at design and off-design conditions. Energy Conversion and Management, 128, 281-293. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.09.032Chen, H., Hakeem, I., & Martinez-Botas, R. F. (1996). Modelling of a Turbocharger Turbine Under Pulsating Inlet Conditions. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 210(5), 397-408. doi:10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_063_02Galindo, J., Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., & Piqueras, P. (2009). Description of a Semi-Independent Time Discretization Methodology for a One-Dimensional Gas Dynamics Model. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 131(3). doi:10.1115/1.2983015Van Leer, B. (1974). Towards the ultimate conservative difference scheme. II. Monotonicity and conservation combined in a second-order scheme. Journal of Computational Physics, 14(4), 361-370. doi:10.1016/0021-9991(74)90019-9Toro, E. F., Spruce, M., & Speares, W. (1994). Restoration of the contact surface in the HLL-Riemann solver. Shock Waves, 4(1), 25-34. doi:10.1007/bf01414629Courant, R., Friedrichs, K., & Lewy, H. (1928). �ber die partiellen Differenzengleichungen der mathematischen Physik. Mathematische Annalen, 100(1), 32-74. doi:10.1007/bf01448839Harris, F. J. (1978). On the use of windows for harmonic analysis with the discrete Fourier transform. Proceedings of the IEEE, 66(1), 51-83. doi:10.1109/proc.1978.10837Welch, P. (1967). The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms. IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics, 15(2), 70-73. doi:10.1109/tau.1967.116190