Monitoring Oriental Fruit Moth and Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) With Combinations of Pheromones and Kairomones

Experiments were conducted in North and South America during 2012-2013 to evaluate the use of lure combinations of sex pheromones (PH), host plant volatiles (HPV), and food baits in traps to capture the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) and codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) in pome and stone fruit orchards treated with sex pheromones. The combination of the sex pheromone of both species (PH combo lure) significantly increased G. molesta and marginally decreased C. pomonella captures as compared with captures of each species with either of their sex pheromones alone. The addition of a HPV combination lure ((E,Z)-2,4-ethyl decadienoate plus (E)-β-ocimene) or acetic acid used alone or together did not significantly increase the catch of either species in traps with the PH combo lure. The Ajar trap baited with terpinyl acetate and brown sugar (TAS bait) caught significantly more G. molesta than the delta trap baited with PH combo plus acetic acid in California during 2012. The addition of a PH combo lure to an Ajar trap significantly increased catches of G. molesta compared to the use of the TAS bait or PH combo lure alone in 2013. Female G. molesta were caught in TAS-baited Ajar traps at similar levels with or without the use of additional lures. Ajar traps baited with the TAS bait alone or with (E)-β-ocimene and/or PH combo lures caught significantly fewer C. pomonella than delta traps with sex pheromone alone. Ajar traps with 6.4-mm screened flaps caught similar numbers of total and female G. molesta as similarly baited open Ajar traps, and with a significant reduction in the catch of nontargets. Broader testing of HPV and PH combo lures for G. molesta in either delta or screened or open Ajar traps is warranted.Keywords: Cydia pomonella, Grapholita molesta, Apple, Peac

Potently neutralizing and protective human antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

The COVID-19 pandemic is a major threat to global health1 for which there are limited medical countermeasures2,3. Moreover, we currently lack a thorough understanding of mechanisms of humoral immunity4. From a larger panel of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the spike (S) glycoprotein5, we identified several that exhibited potent neutralizing activity and fully blocked the receptor-binding domain of S (SRBD) from interacting with human ACE2 (hACE2). Competition-binding, structural, and functional studies allowed clustering of the mAbs into classes recognizing distinct epitopes on the SRBD as well as distinct conformational states of the S trimer. Potent neutralizing mAbs recognizing non-overlapping sites, COV2-2196 and COV2-2130, bound simultaneously to S and synergistically neutralized authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus. In two mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, passive transfer of either COV2-2196 or COV2-2130 alone or a combination of both mAbs protected mice from weight loss and reduced viral burden and inflammation in the lung. In addition, passive transfer of each of two of the most potently ACE2 blocking mAbs (COV2-2196 or COV2-2381) as monotherapy protected rhesus macaques from SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results identify protective epitopes on SRBD and provide a structure-based framework for rational vaccine design and the selection of robust immunotherapeutics

Alien Registration- Jacobson, Broc R. (Saint George, Knox County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/13335/thumbnail.jp

Alien Registration- Jacobson, Broc R. (Saint George, Knox County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/13335/thumbnail.jp