Organoaluminium complexes derived from Anilines or Schiff bases for ring opening polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone, delta-valerolactone and rac-lactide

Reaction of R¹R²CHN=CH(3,5-tBu₂C₆H₂-OH-2) (R¹ = R² = Me L¹H; R¹ = Me, R² = Ph L²H; R¹ = R2 = Ph L³H) with one equivalent of R³3Al (R³ = Me, Et) afforded [(L¹-³)AlR³₂] (L¹, R³ = Me 1, R³ = Et 2; L², R³ = Me 3, R³ = Et 4; L³ R³ = Me 5, R³ = Et 6); complex 1 has been previously reported. Use of the N,O-ligand derived from 2,2/-diphenylglycine afforded either 5 or a by-product [Ph₂NCH₂(3,5-tBu₂C₆H₂-O-2)AlMe₂] (7). The known Schiff base complex [2-Ph₂PC₆H4CH₂(3,5-tBu₂C₃H₂-O-2)AlMe₂] (8) and the product of the reaction of 2-diphenylphosphinoaniline 1-NH₂,2-PPh₂C₆H4 with Me3Al, namely {Ph₂PC₆H4N[(Me₂Al)₂mu-Me](mu-Me₂Al)} (9) were also isolated. For structural and catalytic comparisons, complexes resulting from interaction of Me₃Al with diphenylamine or benzhydrylamine, namely {Ph₂N[(Me₂Al)2mu-Me]} (10) and [Ph₂CHNH(mu-Me₂Al)]₂·MeCN (11), were prepared. The molecular structures of the Schiff pro-ligands derived from Ph₂CHNH₂ and 2,2/-Ph2C(CO₂H)(NH₂), together with complexes 5, 7 and 9 - 11·MeCN were determined. All complexes have been screened for their ability to ring opening polymerization (ROP) epsilon-caprolactone, delta-valerolactone or rac-lactide, in the presence of benzyl alcohol, with or without solvent present. The co-polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone with rac-lactide has also been studied

Reduction of phenylacetylenes using Raney Ni-Al alloy, Al powder in the presence of noble metal catalysts in water

Dedicated to Prof. Kenneth Laali on the occasion of his 66th birthday Received mm-dd-yyyy Accepted mm-dd-yyyy Published on line mm-dd-yyyy Dates to be inserted by editorial office Abstract The chemoselective reduction is based on the reaction of Raney Ni–Al alloy with Al powder in water which produces in situ hydrogen to utilize the hydrogenation of the targeted functional groups. Raney Ni–Al alloy with Al powder can reduce phenylacetylenes to the corresponding ethylbenzene (3) in water in excellent yield at 120 °C for 6 h in a sealed tube. In addition, the complete reduction of aromatic ring to ethylcyclohexane (4) required 60 °C for 12 h with Raney Ni–Al alloy, Al powder in the presence of Pt/C. The appropriate selection of the reaction conditions allowed the selective preparation of ethylbenzene as well as ethylcyclohexane from phenylacetylene. 1a : R = H ,1b : R = CH 3 , 1c : R = OCH 3 ,1d : R = C(CH 3)

Shuffle on array languages generated by array grammars

Motivated by the studies done by G. Siromoney et al. (1973) and Alexan- dru Mateescu et al. (1998) we examine the language theoretic results related to shuf- fle on trajectories by making use of Siromoney array grammars such as (R : R)AG, (R : C F )AG, (C F : R)AG, (C F : C F )AG, (C S : R)AG, (C S : C S)AG and (C F : C S)AG which are more powerful than the Siromoney matrix grammars (1972) and are used to make digital pictures

Notes on correctness of p-values when analyzing experiments using SAS and R

It is commonly believed that if a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is carried out in R, then reported p-values are correct. This article shows that this is not always the case. Results can vary from non-significant to highly significant, depending on the choice of options. The user must know exactly which options result in correct p-values, and which options do not. Furthermore, it is commonly supposed that analyses in SAS and R of simple balanced experiments using mixed-effects models result in correct p-values. However, the simulation study of the current article indicates that frequency of Type I error deviates from the nominal value. The objective of this article is to compare SAS and R with respect to correctness of results when analyzing small experiments. It is concluded that modern functions and procedures for analysis of mixed-effects models are sometimes not as reliable as traditional ANOVA based on simple computations of sums of squares

Integrating R&D and marketing in new product development

R&D - marketing integration is considered to be a critical activity within New Product Development (NPD). A theoretical framework for the study of R&D - marketing integration levels developed by Gupta et al (1986) is one of the most widely cited R&D - marketing integration frameworks in scientific literature. It is based on the presumption that strategy, environmental, organizational and individual factors are those determining R&D - marketing integration levels and consequently NPD success. Several empirical studies have been conducted to test this framework, however most of them have dealt only with portions of Gupta et al (1986)'s model. This paper is an attempt to put forward and test an integrated research protocol for the study of R&D - marketing integration, based on this theoretical framework. Empirical evidence gained from a questionnaire survey and two company case studies show, that people active within the R&D - marketing interface perceive the studied constructs as relevant for R&D - marketing integration, thus giving confirmation to Gupta et al (1986)’s model. The presented research protocol can therefore be considered as a valid start into R&D - marketing integration research within an integrated framework