179 research outputs found
Reservation wages in Estonia
This paper analyses the factors determining reservation wages in Estonia, and estimates the influence of the reservation wage on unemployment duration. According to estimations there is no statistically significant effect of unemployment benefit and social assistance on the reservation wage in Estonia. While evidence was found, that the higher the reservation wage, the lower the probability of finding a job, if all other things are equal. It was also found that the eligibility of unemployment benefit or social assistance increases the duration of the unemployment period, which indicates the lower offer arrival rate in the case of unemployed receiving assistance, which might be caused by a lower search intensity.reservation wage, unemployment duration, unemployment insurance, transition economy
How wages respond to shocks: asymmetry in the speed of adjustment
The time series of various economic variables often exhibit asymmetry: decreases in the values tend to be sharp and fast, whereas increases usually occur slowly and gradually. We detect signs of an analogous asymmetry in firmsâ wage setting behaviour on the basis of managerial surveys, with employers tending to react faster to negative than to positive shocks in the same variables. As well as describing the presence of asymmetry in the speed of wage adjustment, we investigate which companies are more likely to demonstrate it in their behaviour. For this purpose, we apply the Heckman selection model and develop a methodology that improves identification by exploiting heteroscedasticity in the selection equation. The estimation results imply that companies operating in a more competitive environment have a higher propensity to react asymmetrically. We also find that businesses relying on labour-intensive production technology are more likely to react faster to negative shocks. Both of these findings support the hypothesis that this behaviour results from companiesâ attempts to protect profit margins. JEL Classification: J30, J31, J33Asymmetry, survey, wage dynamics, Wage setting
The Margins of Labour Cost Adjustment:Survey Evidence from European Firms
Firms have multiple options at the time of adjusting their wage bills. However, previous literature has mainly focused on base wages. We broaden the analysis beyond downward rigidity in base wages by investigating the use of other margins of labour cost adjustment at the firm level. Using data from a unique survey, we find that firms make frequent use of other, more flexible, components of compensation to adjust the cost of labour. Changes in bonuses and non-pay benefits are some of the potential margins firms use to reduce costs. We also show how the margins of adjustment chosen are affected by firm and worker characteristics.
Social and Political Dimensions of the Eurozone Enlargement in the case of the Baltic States
This Regional Input is a supplement to Ezoneplus Working Paper No. 13 on the Social Dimension of the Eastward Enlargement of the Eurozone. Political transition from authoritarian to democratic society has been extensive in all three Baltic States. The Baltic States are often examined together in political studies despite of the fact that there is much more variation among these countries in the political sphere than in the economic and social spheres. The problems stemming from the political sphere might be even more crucial for EU enlargement because of their relative instability and slow working comparing that to the economic and social concerns. Therefore this study emphasises some major political differences between the Baltic States that should be taken into account when analysing EU eastward enlargement processes. The paper aims to analyze social and political dimensions of eurozone enlargement in the Baltic States emphasizing also negative consequences of transition and integration processes and their possible impact on EU accession.Regional Input, Baltic States, social dimension, political dimension
Far-infrared spectroscopy of spin excitations and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions in a Shastry-Sutherland compound SrCu(BO)$_2
We have studied spin excitation spectra in the Shastry-Sutherland model
compound SrCu(BO) in magnetic fields using far-infrared Fourier
spectroscopy. The transitions from the ground singlet state to the triplet
state at 24 cm and to several bound triplet states are induced by the
electric field component of the far-infrared light. To explain the light
absorption in the spin system we invoke a dynamic Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM)
mechanism where light couples to a phonon mode, allowing the DM interaction.
Two optical phonons couple light to the singlet to triplet transition in
SrCu(BO). One is -polarized and creates an intra-dimer dynamic
DM along the c axis. The other is -polarized and creates an intra-dimer
dynamic DM interaction, it is in the plane and perpendicular to the
dimer axis. Singlet levels at 21.5 and 28.6 cm anti-cross with the first
triplet as is seen in far-infrared spectra. We used a cluster of two dimers
with a periodic boundary condition to perform a model calculation with scaled
intra- and inter-dimer exchange interactions. Two static DM interactions are
sufficient to describe the observed triplet state spectra. The static
inter-dimer DM in the c-direction cm splits the triplet state
sub-levels in zero field [C\'{e}pas et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{87},
167205 (2001)]. The static intra-dimer DM in the plane (perpendicular to
the dimer axis) cm, allowed by the buckling of CuBO
planes, couples the triplet state to the 28.6 cm singlet as is seen from
the avoided crossing.Comment: 12 pages with 7 figures, some references correcte
GeoGebraga seotud Ôppematerjalid Koolielu portaalis ja matemaatikaÔpikutes ning matemaatikaÔpetajate hinnangud GeoGebra kasutamisele 8. klassis geomeetria teema kÀsitlemisel
http://www.ester.ee/record=b4688531*es
The Margins of Labour Cost Adjustment: Survey Evidence from European Firms
Firms have multiple options at the time of adjusting their wage bills. However, previous literature has mainly focused on base wages. We broaden the analysis beyond downward rigidity in base wages by investigating the use of other margins of labour cost adjustment at the firm level. Using data from a unique survey, we find that firms make frequent use of other, more flexible, components of compensation to adjust the cost of labour. Changes in bonuses and non-pay benefits are some of the potential margins firms use to reduce costs. We also show how the margins of adjustment chosen are affected by firm and worker characteristics. JEL Classification: J30, C81, P5European Union, firm survey, labour costs, wage rigidity
Unidirectional terahertz light absorption in the pyroelectric ferrimagnet CaBaCo4O7
Spin excitations were studied by absorption spectroscopy in CaBaCo4O7 which
is a type-I multiferroic compound with the largest magnetic-order induced
ferroelectric polarization ({\Delta}P=17mC/m2) reported, so far. We observed
two optical magnon branches: a solely electric dipole allowed one and a mixed
magnetoelectric resonance. The entangled magnetization and polarization
dynamics of the magnetoelectric resonance gives rise to unidirectional light
absorption, i.e. that magnon mode absorbs the electromagnetic radiation for one
propagation direction but not for the opposite direction. Our systematic study
of the magnetic field and temperature dependence of magnon modes provides
information about the energies and symmetries of spin excitations, which is
required to develop a microscopic spin model of CaBaCo4O7.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Observation of Multiple-Gap Structure in Hidden Order State of URu2Si2 from Optical Conductivity
We have measured the far infrared reflectance of the heavy fermion compound
URuSi through the phase transition at T=17.5 K dubbed 'hidden
order' with light polarized along both the a- and c-axes of the tetragonal
structure. The optical conductivity allows the formation of the hidden order
gap to be investigated in detail. We find that both the conductivity and the
gap structure are anisotropic, and that the c-axis conductivity shows evidence
for a double gap structure, with meV and
meV respectively at 4 K, while the gap seen in the a-axis conductivity has a
value of meV at 4 K. The opening of the gaps does not follow the
behaviour expected from mean field theory in the vicinity of the transition.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure
Lastevanemate ja Ôpetajate hinnang koera kaasamise vÔimalusele ning vajalikkusele lapse kasvukeskkonna rikastajana
https://www.ester.ee/record=b5143002*es
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