Difficulties of applying IFRS in continental Europe from the perspective of codification

The implementation of the Accounting Standards Codification (hereinafter: „Codification”) in July 2009 resulted in significant changes to the structure of the US GAAP. The Codification collects all existing US GAAPs in a single codified structure, being conceptually different from previous standard-based accounting structures typical to the IFRS, and to accounting structures applied in the UK and Canada. The paper presents the structure of the Codification and compares it to the traditional continental statutory accounting systems. The results show that the continental accounting systems are similar to the Codification in structure and highlight a possible reason why these countries have difficulties in implementation of the standard-based IFRS regulations. I demonstrate in the paper the links difficult to traverse, resulting from the currently diversified standard-based structure of the IFRS. This novel approach underlines this fact and supports it by a SWOT analysis on the possibility of codification of IFRS. Considering the merits and demerits of the analysis, the introduction of a codification approach similar to the Codification is proposed

New trends in consolidation - challenging the changes of new IFRS rules

In 2011, the consolidation rules changed repeatedly and substantially in IFRS. In earlier years, consolidation regulations have been modified many times, changing the impact of transactions with entities covered by the scope of consolidation, and that of the transactions with non-controlling interests, but in 2011 less technical, but rather significant changes took place, which altered the scope of consolidation. The purpose of this paper is to describe the comparison of changes with earlier regulations, and to examine how the financial statements of a group of companies would be modified as a result of these changes, and also to explore what effect this change makes on the financial indicators of a group of companies. It is shown that the financial statements of a group of companies may change substantially even if no modification occurs in the group of companies, and only the modification of the rules is executed. The paper points out the outstanding fact that as a result of the revised regulations, the con solidated financial statements are to be assessed from a different perspective, because the so far unambiguous rules which we have become accustomed to for years have been overwritten, and hence the liquidity, solvency and profitability of a consolidated group of companies may change significantly vis-á-vis the earlier years

Validation of a New Model for the Estimation of Residual Tropospheric Delay Error Under Extreme Weather Conditions

The electromagnetic signals of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) satellites suffer delays while propagating through the troposphere. The tropospheric delay is a significant systematic error of GNSS positioning. For safety-of-life applications of positioning many systematic error effects are either mitigated or eliminated in the positioning solution. Space based augmentation systems provide corrections for the orbital and satellite clock error, the ionospheric effects, etc. Moreover advanced GNSS provide dual frequency code observations for civilian users to eliminate the ionospheric delays caused by the electron content of the upper atmosphere. Nevertheless tropospheric delays are still taken into account using empirical models.For safety-of-life applications besides the accuracy of the positioning, the integrity of the positioning service is an important factor, too. The integrity information includes the maximal positioning error at an extremely rare probability level, called protection level to ensure highly reliable position solution in the aviation. The Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics Minimum Operational Performance Standard (RTCA MOPS) recommends 0.12 m as the maximum zenith tropospheric error in terms of standard deviation. Previous studies show that this recommendation seems to be too conservative leading to a lower service availability. Therefore a more realistic integrity model has to be derived for the estimation of maximal residual tropospheric delay error.In the recent years many advanced empirical tropospheric delay models have been formulated compared to the one recommended by the RTCA. Recently new integrity models have been derived for estimating the maximum residual tropospheric delay error using numerical weather models under real extreme weather.The aim of this paper is to study the reliability of these models conditions. In order to achieve this, high-resolution numerical weather models were ray-traced using an improved ray-tracing algorithm to evaluate the slant and zenith tropospheric delays with the geographical resolution of 0.1° × 0.1°

Service marketing examination of Opusztaszer Heritage Park as a rural destination

Today the service industries are developing rapidly therefore the service marketing tasks are getting more and more into the focus. Those who are engaged in the subject do researches to explore the emotions, attitudes and purchasing motives in decision-making and the purchasing processes of different services. Decisions are made not only by companies but costumers, parents, families and circles of friends, too, when they plan their programs for the weekend considering their income and expenses. That is why we feel important to examine our subject on the basis of the service marketing of the Opusztaszer National Heritage Park, which takes a prominent part in the cultural life of the Southern Hungarian Plain, in order to render help to improve the services of the institution. The examination is complemented with a non-representative questionnaire survey which, nevertheless, is suitable to give the background to a wider survey. On the basis of the answers given some chances of improvement have been seen which we are planning to recommend for the Opusztaszer National Heritage Park

A D-típusú személyiség skála pszichometriai jellemzői reprezentatív vizsgálat alapján

Jelen vizsgálat célja a D-típusú személyiség vizsgálatára kifejlesztett kérdőív magyar adaptációja volt. A D-típusú (distressed) személyiség modelljét számos vizsgálat alapján a szív- és érrendszeri betegségek fontos kockázati tényezőjének tartják. A Hungarostudy 2002 országos reprezentatív vizsgálat keretében 12 653 személlyel került felvételre a mérőeszköz. A kérdőív magyar változatában 4 tétel rontotta a kérdőív pszichometriai jellemzőit, így ezeket a tételeket kihagytuk a kérdőívből, amely így 10 kérdésre redukálódott. A 10 kérdéses változat Cronbach-alfa értékei már mindkét skálára kielégítőnek bizonyultak (Negatív Érzelmek skála: 0,87; Szociális Gátoltság skála: 0,84). Az elvégzett faktoranalízis megerősítette a magyar változat kétfaktoros struktúráját, így a skála magyar verziója megfelelően alkalmas a D-típusú személyiség vizsgálatára

Service marketing examination of Opusztaszer Heritage Park as a rural destination

Today the service industries are developing rapidly therefore the service marketing tasks are getting more and more into the focus. Those who are engaged in the subject do researches to explore the emotions, attitudes and purchasing motives in decision-making and the purchasing processes of different services. Decisions are made not only by companies but costumers, parents, families and circles of friends, too, when they plan their programs for the weekend considering their income and expenses. That is why we feel important to examine our subject on the basis of the service marketing of the Opusztaszer National Heritage Park, which takes a prominent part in the cultural life of the Southern Hungarian Plain, in order to render help to improve the services of the institution. The examination is complemented with a non-representative questionnaire survey which, nevertheless, is suitable to give the background to a wider survey. On the basis of the answers given some chances of improvement have been seen which we are planning to recommend for the Opusztaszer National Heritage Park