457 research outputs found
Apples and oranges? A comparison of the public expenditure of the VisegrĂĄd countries
In this article, the average expenditure of Hungary is compared to that of the other three VisegrĂĄd countries. In Hungary, this expenditure is higher by 10 % of GDP, but one-quarter of this is attributable to higher interest expenses, and one-third to revenue factors which simultaneously increase both revenues and expenses. These revenue factors have a neutral impact in terms of the deficit, but they distort the comparison in respect of the levels of expenditure. For example, the tax content of public expenditures, the sales and fee revenues collected directly to cover the expenditures, and the size of EU subsidies â flowing through the budget â vary considerably from one country to the next. Two-thirds of the remaining 4-percentage point difference appears in relation to householdsâ cash transfers (pensions, family allowances). Hungary spends more on public services and economic subsidies, but less on the current and capital expenditure of healthcare institutions.government expenditure, public spending, Visegrad countries.
Superdiffusion in a class of networks with marginal long-range connections
A class of cubic networks composed of a regular one-dimensional lattice and a
set of long-range links is introduced. Networks parametrized by a positive
integer k are constructed by starting from a one-dimensional lattice and
iteratively connecting each site of degree 2 with a th neighboring site of
degree 2. Specifying the way pairs of sites to be connected are selected,
various random and regular networks are defined, all of which have a power-law
edge-length distribution of the form with the marginal
exponent s=1. In all these networks, lengths of shortest paths grow as a power
of the distance and random walk is super-diffusive. Applying a renormalization
group method, the corresponding shortest-path dimensions and random-walk
dimensions are calculated exactly for k=1 networks and for k=2 regular
networks; in other cases, they are estimated by numerical methods. Although,
s=1 holds for all representatives of this class, the above quantities are found
to depend on the details of the structure of networks controlled by k and other
parameters.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figure
Partially asymmetric exclusion models with quenched disorder
We consider the one-dimensional partially asymmetric exclusion process with
random hopping rates, in which a fraction of particles (or sites) have a
preferential jumping direction against the global drift. In this case the
accumulated distance traveled by the particles, x, scales with the time, t, as
x ~ t^{1/z}, with a dynamical exponent z > 0. Using extreme value statistics
and an asymptotically exact strong disorder renormalization group method we
analytically calculate, z_{pt}, for particlewise (pt) disorder, which is argued
to be related to the dynamical exponent for sitewise (st) disorder as
z_{st}=z_{pt}/2. In the symmetric situation with zero mean drift the particle
diffusion is ultra-slow, logarithmic in time.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Pulsating B-type stars in the young open cluster h Persei (NGC 869)
We announce the discovery of six Beta Cephei stars and many other variable
stars in the young open cluster h Persei (NGC 869). The cluster seems to be
very rich in variable B-type stars, similarly to its twin, Chi Persei (NGC
884).Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, Proc. HELAS-II conference, Goettingen, 20-24
August 200
Comparison of the Redistribution Level and Structure of Functional Expenditure in the VisegrĂĄd Countries
Our study aims to compare the level of redistribution, and expenditure structure of the VisegrĂĄd countries in the period between 1995â2010. For the purpose of comparability, the new methodology presented in the study filters out those components of total expenditures, which are exogenous in the short term from the perspective of economic policy makers. Of these, the most significant are the interest payments determined by the level of indebtedness and interest rates, tax payments within the general gov-ernment, and EU subsidies running through the budget. Beyond this we defined a structural indicator for medium term expenditure developments, which filters cyclical effects from the corrected data, and also spreads the governmentâs capital expenditures out with-in the electoral cycle. The disaggregated figures highlight that compared to the other countries of the region, the excessive level of expenditure was increased by the growth of social expenditures in the period between 2002â2006 in Hungary. Afterwards, cuts were made to the additional expenditure by reducing public health care and general public services expenditure. The total adjusted Hungarian expenditure level fell short of the regional average in 2010. At the same time, Hungary had the highest level of social expenditures and the lowest level of healthcare expenditures in the region
Dynamics at barriers in bidirectional two-lane exclusion processes
A two-lane exclusion process is studied where particles move in the two lanes
in opposite directions and are able to change lanes. The focus is on the steady
state behavior in situations where a positive current is constrained to an
extended subsystem (either by appropriate boundary conditions or by the
embedding environment) where, in the absence of the constraint, the current
would be negative. We have found two qualitatively different types of steady
states and formulated the conditions of them in terms of the transition rates.
In the first type of steady state, a localized cluster of particles forms with
an anti-shock located in the subsystem and the current vanishes exponentially
with the extension of the subsystem. This behavior is analogous to that of the
one-lane partially asymmetric simple exclusion process, and can be realized
e.g. when the local drive is induced by making the jump rates in two lanes
unequal. In the second type of steady state, which is realized e.g. if the
local drive is induced purely by the bias in the lane change rates, and which
has thus no counterpart in the one-lane model, a delocalized cluster of
particles forms which performs a diffusive motion as a whole and, as a
consequence, the current vanishes inversely proportionally to the extension of
the subsystem. The model is also studied in the presence of quenched
disordered, where, in case of delocalization, phenomenological considerations
predict anomalously slow, logarithmic decay of the current with the system size
in contrast with the usual power-law.Comment: 24 pages, 13 figure
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