Connecting Binuclear Pd(III) and Mononuclear Pd(IV) Chemistry by Pd–Pd Bond Cleavage

Oxidation of binuclear Pd­(II) complexes with PhICl₂ or PhI­(OAc)₂ has previously been shown to afford binuclear Pd­(III) complexes featuring a Pd–Pd bond. In contrast, oxidation of binuclear Pd­(II) complexes with electrophilic trifluoromethylating (“CF₃⁺”) reagents has been reported to afford mononuclear Pd­(IV) complexes. Herein, we report experimental and computational studies of the oxidation of a binuclear Pd­(II) complex with “CF₃⁺” reagents. These studies suggest that a mononuclear Pd­(IV) complex is generated by an oxidation–fragmentation sequence proceeding via fragmentation of an initially formed, formally binuclear Pd­(III), intermediate. The observation that binuclear Pd­(III) and mononuclear Pd­(IV) complexes are accessible in the same reactions offers an opportunity for understanding the role of nuclearity in both oxidation and subsequent C–X bond-forming reactions

Antidepressants or running therapy: Comparing effects on mental and physical health in patients with depression and anxiety disorders

Background: Antidepressant medication and running therapy are both effective treatments for patients with depressive and anxiety disorders. However, they may work through different pathophysiological mechanisms and could differ in their impact on physical health. This study examined effects of antidepressants versus running therapy on both mental and physical health. Methods: According to a partially randomized patient preference design, 141 patients with depression and/or anxiety disorder were randomized or offered preferred 16-week treatment: antidepressant medication (escitalopram or sertraline) or group-based running therapy ≥2 per week. Baseline (T0) and post-treatment assessment at week 16 (T16) included mental (diagnosis status and symptom severity) and physical health indicators (metabolic and immune indicators, heart rate (variability), weight, lung function, hand grip strength, fitness). Results: Of the 141 participants (mean age 38.2 years; 58.2 % female), 45 participants received antidepressant medication and 96 underwent running therapy. Intention-to-treat analyses showed that remission rates at T16 were comparable (antidepressants: 44.8 %; running: 43.3 %; p = .881). However, the groups differed significantly on various changes in physical health: weight (d = 0.57; p = .001), waist circumference (d = 0.44; p = .011), systolic (d = 0.45; p = .011) and diastolic (d = 0.53; p = .002) blood pressure, heart rate (d = 0.36; p = .033) and heart rate variability (d = 0.48; p = .006). Limitations: A minority of the participants was willing to be randomized; the running therapy was larger due to greater preference for this intervention. Conclusions: While the interventions had comparable effects on mental health, running therapy outperformed antidepressants on physical health, due to both larger improvements in the running therapy group as well as larger deterioration in the antidepressant group. Trial registration: Trialregister.nl Number of identification: NTR3460