RURAL AGRICULTURE: A MIRROR TO ECONOMIC SUSTAINABLE GROWTH IN INDIA

“If agriculture goes wrong, nothing else will have a chance to go right. M. S. Swaminathan”More than half of the population in the developing world is rural, and globally 1.3 billion (130 cr) people work in agriculture. Rural Agriculture is the backbone for any country's economic development, and it helps the economy to grow and sustain. Rural development is the axis of the economy involving the other factors of business in big way. There are basic needs in rural development for a sustainable future. Rural development is all about a process that seeks social change and sustainable economic development for the rural community´s ongoing progress. The goal is to improve their life quality and preserve the environment. Rural agriculture development is a topic which is easy to understand but hard to implement. It focuses upon the up-lift meant and development of the sections of rural economies, that experience grave poverty issues and effectively aims at developing their productivity. It also emphasizes the need to address various pressing issues of village economies that hinder growth and improve these areas. The basic aim of the paper is to analyze the conditions of rural agriculture with its economy and to study the issues & challenges of the villages. The paper aims to frame a strategic framework for the development of the rural agriculture to create a better tomorrow for India

INDIAN EDUCATION POLICY 2020: A Road Map Towards Sustainable Development of India

“By nature, all people are alike, but by Education become different.”The implementation of National Education Policy 2020 needs the active participation of all stakeholders and a clear roadmap. With the roll out of the National Education Policy (NEP), 2020, India’s education system truly ushered into the 21st century. The last education reform had come in 1986, 34 years prior to this one. Thus, NEP 2020 is being hailed as the much necessary re-imagination of the Indian education system. However, the implementation of the policy needs the active participation of all stakeholders and a clear roadmap. In that light researcher tried to point out some features and limitations with the help of some suggestions

Legal Education Under New Indian Education Policy, 2020

“Children are the future, educate them well and let them lead the way”.In India, a new education policy typically comes along only once every few decades. The first education policy was in 1968, introduced by the administration under Mrs. Indira Gandhi. This was replaced by the National education policy in 1986, by Mr. Rajiv Gandhi who was Prime Minister at that time. A few years later in 1992, it was slightly modified again by Prime Minister P V Narasimha Rao. and now in 2020, approximately three decades later, a new education policy with drastic changes has been brought in by the ruling government. The details of the policy were released to the nation after cabinet approval on. It was said that this National Education Policy or NEP 2020, would be a comprehensive framework to guide the development of education in the country.This research paper is based on secondar

Hemoglobin adducts in paint industry workers: An electrophoretic analysis

Background: Hemoglobin (Hb) has a significant role among other blood proteins vital for carrying nutrients to blood cells. Being a conjugated protein, Hb is prone to be captured by compounds of low molecular weight like organic acid anhydrides (OAAs) which are prominent industrial/occupational hazards. Hindered or lowered availability of Hb to blood cells can cause anemia, thalassemia and porphyria. Along with these disorders, workers exposed to OAAs can also acquire like type-I allergy, type-IV allergy, skin problems, rhinitis and asthma. Revelation of Hb-OAAs compounds prior to appearance of actual symptoms could be important for subsequent therapy.Methods: The Hb separation was achieved successfully by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis on 10-15% gels of different concentration, stained with CBB-R250 Blue. Total of 66 blood protein samples were used for the comparative study of exposed workers of paint industry workers with control (normal) group to detect proteins, which might serve as marker for the early disease diagnosis.Results: The better Hb separation resolution was achieved on 12% gel as shown in electrograms. The electrograms of paint workers exposed to OAAs showed bands at 12, 48, 66, 78, 128 and 132 KDa in most of cases. In normal cases the bands were found at 13, 30, 48, 67, 76, 125 and 155 KDa in majority of control samples for Hb electrophoresis.Conclusion: This study supports the association between Hb and OAAs adducts among the exposed paint workers from hypersensitive effects like fever (rhinitis) leading to asthma, skin allergies and major clinical effects.

Protein toxicity in Kotri Paint industry workers exposed to Phthalic Anyhydride and Trimellitic Anyhydride

Background: Protein plays a significant role in the regulation of metabolism for normal functioning in human body. SITE area, Kotri paint industry workers are at high risk of hypersensitivity, sensitization of the respiratory tract (including asthma), skin diseases and allergy.  Reactive Low molecular weight organic acid anhydrides (OAAs) like trimelitic anhydride (TMA) and phthalic anhydride (PA) are extensively used in local paint industries of SITE AREA, Kotri, Sindh – Pakistan. These both anhydrides may easily bind with high molecular weight proteins by forming complex (adducts) leading to metabolic disorders among the exposed workers.Methods: There is no study to differentiate protein status of workers compared with normal healthy group as compare in the past. In this regard, the total protein was determined in intravenous blood samples obtained from the exposed workers to TMA and PA with control group clinically by Microlab300 (Kit Method System).Result: There is a significant decrease of protein level in paint industry workers as compared with healthy subjects, which never had exposed to TMA and PA.Conclusion: These both allergenic organic acid anhydrides like TMA and PA may be associated for changing protein function status after forming complex (adduct) by long exposure at work. SITE Area, Kotri Paint workers may at high risk of asthma, exposed to TMA and PA

Abatacept in individuals at high risk of rheumatoid arthritis (APIPPRA): a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, parallel, placebo-controlled, phase 2b clinical trial

Background: Individuals with serum antibodies to citrullinated protein antigens (ACPA), rheumatoid factor, and symptoms, such as inflammatory joint pain, are at high risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. In the arthritis prevention in the pre-clinical phase of rheumatoid arthritis with abatacept (APIPPRA) trial, we aimed to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, and acceptability of treating high risk individuals with the T-cell co-stimulation modulator abatacept. // Methods: The APIPPRA study was a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, parallel, placebo-controlled, phase 2b clinical trial done in 28 hospital-based early arthritis clinics in the UK and three in the Netherlands. Participants (aged ≥18 years) at risk of rheumatoid arthritis positive for ACPA and rheumatoid factor with inflammatory joint pain were recruited. Exclusion criteria included previous episodes of clinical synovitis and previous use of corticosteroids or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) using a computer-generated permuted block randomisation (block sizes of 2 and 4) stratified by sex, smoking, and country, to 125 mg abatacept subcutaneous injections weekly or placebo for 12 months, and then followed up for 12 months. Masking was achieved by providing four kits (identical in appearance and packaging) with pre-filled syringes with coded labels of abatacept or placebo every 3 months. The primary endpoint was the time to development of clinical synovitis in three or more joints or rheumatoid arthritis according to American College of Rheumatology and European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology 2010 criteria, whichever was met first. Synovitis was confirmed by ultrasonography. Follow-up was completed on Jan 13, 2021. All participants meeting the intention-to-treat principle were included in the analysis. This trial was registered with EudraCT (2013–003413–18). // Findings: Between Dec 22, 2014, and Jan 14, 2019, 280 individuals were evaluated for eligibility and, of 213 participants, 110 were randomly assigned to abatacept and 103 to placebo. During the treatment period, seven (6%) of 110 participants in the abatacept group and 30 (29%) of 103 participants in the placebo group met the primary endpoint. At 24 months, 27 (25%) of 110 participants in the abatacept group had progressed to rheumatoid arthritis, compared with 38 (37%) of 103 in the placebo group. The estimated proportion of participants remaining arthritis-free at 12 months was 92·8% (SE 2·6) in the abatacept group and 69·2% (4·7) in the placebo group. Kaplan–Meier arthritis-free survival plots over 24 months favoured abatacept (log-rank test p=0·044). The difference in restricted mean survival time between groups was 53 days (95% CI 28–78; p<0·0001) at 12 months and 99 days (95% CI 38–161; p=0·0016) at 24 months in favour of abatacept. During treatment, abatacept was associated with improvements in pain scores, functional wellbeing, and quality-of-life measurements, as well as low scores of subclinical synovitis by ultrasonography, compared with placebo. However, the effects were not sustained at 24 months. Seven serious adverse events occurred in the abatacept group and 11 in the placebo group, including one death in each group deemed unrelated to treatment. // Interpretation: Therapeutic intervention during the at-risk phase of rheumatoid arthritis is feasible, with acceptable safety profiles. T-cell co-stimulation modulation with abatacept for 12 months reduces progression to rheumatoid arthritis, with evidence of sustained efficacy beyond the treatment period, and with no new safety signals. // Funding: Bristol Myers Squibb

WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN HILLY AREAS OF UTTARAKHAND-INDIA: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

Agriculture sector as a whole has developed and emerged immensely with the infusion of science and technology. Agriculture can be an important engine of growth and poverty reduction. But the sector is underperforming in many countries in part because women, who are often a crucial resource in agriculture and the rural economy, face constraints that reduce their productivity. Women have always been working everywhere in each part of the society of the world since the beginning of human civilization. Women today are paid less and have lower status at work than men. In spite of legislation and pressure from women’s movements, equality at work and status is still only a remote possibility for most women in the third world countries. Women farmers have been an important workforce in agriculture. They are the backbone of agricultural workforce. As per 2011 census, women workforce in agriculture and allied sectors is 98 million, which is 37 percent of total wage workers. Rural women are much more over burdened then men owing to their multiple occupations, but worldwide their hard-work has mostly been unpaid. Agriculture is the main source of Indian Economy. More than half of the population is indulging in the sector for various purposes like food, employment, marketing, industrial purposes etc. as most of the agriculture practices are done in rural areas. It faces a list of issues, challenges and opportunities. The central problem being faced by agriculture in rural areas is low productivity which is due to high yield gaps, increased vulnerability due to the effects of increased frequencies of extreme climatic events, small and fragmented land holdings of farmers, quality of seeds being used, manures, fertilizers and biocide, irrigation challenges, lack off mechanization, agriculture marketing, inadequate transport facilities, inadequate storage facilities, scarcity of capital etc. discussing and resolving the issues of farmers, governments schemes are to be checked and make them available for the farmers to exterminate and liquidate the problems faced by agriculture in rural areas. The primary aim of the paper is to analyze the conditions and suggest development of women agriculture farmers and to study the issues &amp; challenges of the same. The paper aims to frame a analytical study from secondary data collected for the development of the hilly agriculture and women’s participation to create a better India for tomorrow

An overview of available Hypoglycemic Triterpenoids and Saponins to cure Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a condition when excess amount of sugar is excreted out in the urine. It is probably caused due to hyperglycemia; when body fails to produce sufficient amount of insulin which may utilize or help to store these excessive carbohydrates. When a body does not produce sufficient insulin or to help utilize carbohydrates, it results in the accumulation of unutilized sugar in the blood, the condition is termed as hyperglycemia whereas the condition of passing off the excess sugar in the urine is known as diabetes mellitus. The excretion of sugar makes a profound effect on health that may lead to disability and death. According to some studies, it may cause myocardial infarction, cardiovascular disorders and terminal nephritis. These complications are reported to be the most important causes of mortality and the principal cause of irreversible blindness.  There are hundreds of millions of patients around the world suffering from this disease and the number is spreading with an alarming rate. Such a condition has inspired the therapists to develop the methods which help in controlling this malaise. In this article, we have summarized some of hypoglycemic agents from natural sources especially from plants. Since there is a vast number of plants, which are reported to be utilized traditionally in the crude form for diabetes cure in the past. This article is meant to mention only the hypoglycemic ingredients of triterpenoids origin. This information can be helpful in getting new and more effective drugs in future by utilizing unexplored plants which are reported in the literature to possess hypoglycemic activity. This current review is comprised of the relevant work done up to the year 2007 based on search from Google

Green Marketing: A Full-Fledged Holistic Marketing Strategy for Organisations

The idea of marketing is second to none. It necessitates constant results analyses as well as ongoing research. Threats might appear overnight in the extremely volatile business climate; a competitor may develop superior items at lower prices or may gain a bigger market share. Government regulations could alter, foreign exchange rate variations could have an impact on component imports and exports, or consumer preferences could shift. These possibilities and threats must be recognized in advance, and quick-acting countermeasures must be used. Such problems have sparked innovation in marketing tactics as well; green marketing is one such strategy that has just come to market. The ecological or green marketing is an approach which aims to create an image in the minds of consumers that the firm is an eco-friendly concern, focusing on preservation of environment and offering such products. The production process and packing material along with product features are all environment-friendly. Sustainable marketing is also a concept that highlights the sustainability of production processes in the long run and not only in promotional activities. A holistic marketing strategy is a broad course of action that considers client needs while developing product specifications, pricing, positioning, sales promotion, and logistics. It aims at systematic and scientific implementation of all the elements of marketing mix in a coordinated matter. The result is coordinated product placement in the market, which lowers the likelihood of failure and increases market share. In order to effectively address the difficulties and risks presented by the marketing environment, holistic marketing necessitates a scientific examination of all activities, their interconnectedness, and the order in which they should be implemented. This is dependent on a number of factors like nature of product, its features, price, durability, elasticity of demand, availability of alternate goods and buyer readiness for the same. Thus, in this module we have analyzed contemporary innovations in marketing which require deeper understanding of the quality of processes involved in manufacturing and ultimate goal is to generate competitive advantage in the market

Green Marketing: A Full-Fledged Holistic Marketing Strategy for Organisations

The idea of marketing is second to none. It necessitates constant results analyses as well as ongoing research. Threats might appear overnight in the extremely volatile business climate; a competitor may develop superior items at lower prices or may gain a bigger market share. Government regulations could alter, foreign exchange rate variations could have an impact on component imports and exports, or consumer preferences could shift. These possibilities and threats must be recognized in advance, and quick-acting countermeasures must be used. Such problems have sparked innovation in marketing tactics as well; green marketing is one such strategy that has just come to market. The ecological or green marketing is an approach which aims to create an image in the minds of consumers that the firm is an eco-friendly concern, focusing on preservation of environment and offering such products. The production process and packing material along with product features are all environment-friendly. Sustainable marketing is also a concept that highlights the sustainability of production processes in the long run and not only in promotional activities. A holistic marketing strategy is a broad course of action that considers client needs while developing product specifications, pricing, positioning, sales promotion, and logistics. It aims at systematic and scientific implementation of all the elements of marketing mix in a coordinated matter. The result is coordinated product placement in the market, which lowers the likelihood of failure and increases market share. In order to effectively address the difficulties and risks presented by the marketing environment, holistic marketing necessitates a scientific examination of all activities, their interconnectedness, and the order in which they should be implemented. This is dependent on a number of factors like nature of product, its features, price, durability, elasticity of demand, availability of alternate goods and buyer readiness for the same. Thus, in this module we have analyzed contemporary innovations in marketing which require deeper understanding of the quality of processes involved in manufacturing and ultimate goal is to generate competitive advantage in the market