El consumo de alcohol en adolescentes y los patrones relacionales en el aula: una aproximación cualitativa al SNA desde los docentes = The use of alcohol in adolescents and the relational patterns in the classroom: a qualitative approach to SNA from teachers

Introducción: La adolescencia se sitúa como una etapa de transición a la edad adulta, con la existencia de conflictos y cambios a nivel físico y mental. La experiencia escolar supone para el adolescente la adquisición de valores e identidades que marcarán muchos de sus comportamientos. Por ello los docentes se convierten en actores co- responsables y activos en este contexto, no sólo para que consigan unos buenos logros académicos, sino también en el desarrollo de las habilidades que tendrán un impacto en sus líneas de actuación futuras. El comportamiento de los adolescentes supone una de las principales preocupaciones de los docentes, ya que condiciona los diferentes papeles, posiciones o funciones que el adolescente desarrolla en el aula. La red social en la que se encuentra inmerso el adolescente en el aula incluye diversos patrones de contactos. Si algunos de estos patrones incluyen relaciones cercanas al consumo de sustancias toxicas, el alumno podría estar inmerso en una red de riesgo. El riesgo puede venir dado por, la influencia negativa de los compañeros, las normas sociales que rigen los grupos de relación, o la posición que ocupan dentro de la red. A este respecto se ha encontrado, una carencia de estudios que profundicen en cómo los responsables educativos y otros colectivos multidisciplinares perciben y afrontan este tipo de contextos en clave de contactos y relaciones. Profundizar en este tipo de datos sería útil, para trasladar información etnográfica al análisis cuantitativo del Social Network Analysis (SNA) y diseñar estrategias en las que estén incorporados los actores con capacidad de influencia en el ámbito educativo. Objetivo: Estudiar la perspectiva del profesorado acerca de la posición y patrón de comportamiento que ocupan los adolescentes en el aula y traducirla a los conceptos de centralidad que establece el SNA Material y Método: Estudio basado en Mix Methods realizado en cuatro institutos de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. La metodología empleada ha sido cuantitativa, en periodo de análisis, para el estudio de datos estructurales de redes de contactos mediante Social Network Analysis (Cuestionario autoadminstrado) y cualitativa, en dos de los cuatro centros mencionados, mediante Grupos de Discusión, con los responsables educativos de las aulas. Parte desde la cual se centra nuestro estudio. Resultados: Los hallazgos constatan que el profesorado identifica las posiciones del alumno en la red de clase, con los términos de centralidad del SNA. Así también observamos como el consumo se apoya en la necesidad de liderazgo, capacidad de influencia en el grupo de iguales, el ocio y la forma de relacionarse. Discusión y Conclusiones: Los centros educativos son un lugar idóneo para conocer los comportamientos de los adolescentes y su relación con la función o posiciones que ocupan en la sociedad; así como para el desarrollo de intervenciones preventivas contra el consumo de sustancias tóxicas como el alcohol. Esto requiere una formación, compromiso y coordinación del profesorado con otros actores clave como el personal sanitario. Obteniendo así una perspectiva multidisciplinar que será útil para el desarrollo de intervenciones efectiva

Postpartum Depression in Fathers: A Systematic Review

[EN] Background/Objectives: Postpartum depression is usually defined as a major depressive episode that occurs shortly after childbirth. This condition is most commonly found in females; however, paternal postpartum depression has begun to attract more research attention. This study aims to identify different instruments for measuring this mental health problem and to detect risk factors as well as the main sources of resilience in paternal postpartum depression. Methods: A literature review was conducted following the PRISMA method. Results: After analyzing 10 articles, it was determined that the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale is the most widely used instrument for the diagnosis of postpartum depression in the female population, and after several studies, it has already been validated for the male sex. After several studies were analyzed to highlight the main risk factors for paternal postpartum depression, it was established that the most influential factor is male gender role stress. These findings highlight the traditional role of fathers today. Most health professionals see the mother as the priority. Conclusions: Paternal depression is a major problem for mothers and fathers today, as well as for the newborn. As time goes on, there is a growing need to incorporate fathers into current and future mental health programs to be able to provide the necessary support.S

Multi-center study of noise in patients from hospitals in Spain: A questionnaire survey

pp. 83-85To identify the most annoying noises in the hospital environment. One hundred and ninety-three patients took part in the study. A questionnaire collected the perceptions of patients from four hospitals in Spain, with three distinct units. The most annoying noises were the repetitive ones and the most unbearable source was the people who talk loudly. The daily hours were the noisiest and the most annoying, especially when patients wanted to rest and indicated that noise was annoying for them to get to sleep. Our results demonstrate how sensitive patients are toward noise in Spain. We also suggest some strategies to reduce the noise and the harmful physiological effects of increased sound levels in order to improve the quality of life in a healthcare environment.S

Descriptive study of friendship networks in adolescents and their relationship with self-efficacy and alcohol consumption using social network analysis

The study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of León (ETICA-ULE-003-2015).Alcohol is a widely used legal drug. Self-efficacy takes on great importance in an adolescent’s development. Levels of self-efficacy can contribute to the decision-making process of the adolescent. In this phase, a group of friends becomes increasingly important. Alcohol is present in different social aspects. Adolescents use alcohol as a social facilitator or as part of the development of their autonomy. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the structure of the friendship network, self-efficacy, and alcohol consumption in adolescents. Methods: We used an online platform with validated self-reported questionnaires to collect the data. The sample consisted of 195 adolescents aged between 16 and 18, from different educational centers in Bierzo (Spain). Results: It was found that 43.6% of the adolescents in our research were high-risk consumers. Significant differences were obtained in terms of self-efficacy and different network metrics. These networks were represented by considering the levels of alcohol consumption. In the friendship network, we observed how the central adolescents presented higher levels of self-efficacy and lower alcohol consumption. Conclusions: Self-efficacy is established as a predictor of coping and not consuming alcohol and adolescence as a crucial moment to implement prevention strategies. Social Network Analysis is a useful tool that provides an image of the context in which adolescents find themselves.This research received no external funding

Las relaciones informales: un valor añadido en la gestión de personas = Informal relationships: an added value in human management

pp. 310-323Las organizaciones sanitarias son consideradas por los expertos como una de las más complejas a nivel de gestión y política de personas. El hecho responde a la intensidad de las emociones vividas en el día a día tanto con el paciente como con los colegas. Las experiencias vividas donde se combinan alegrías, tristezas y momentos estresantes generan en muchas organizaciones sanitarias un clima laboral inadecuado que repercute negativamente en el rendimiento de las organizaciones de salud. Este artículo pretende justificar teóricamente, la importancia de las relaciones sociales o informales que se establecen entre los trabajadores y cómo éstos pueden tejer un entramado por el que fluyan conocimiento, creatividad y valores que provoquen una cultura organizativa capaz de aumentar el rendimiento de la empresa sanitaria.S

Las relaciones informales: Un valor añadido en la gestión de personas.

Health organizations are considered by experts how one of the most complexity about management and resources of human. The reason is a lot of strenght emotions lived every day so much with patients so with peers.Lived experiences, where they are linked (combined), joy(felicity), sorrow and stress situations, can be the cause of wrong (bad) climate and so to impact (shaping) on the future performance of the health organizations.The objective of this paper is to argue the value of social relationship o informal relationship among workers and how those can knith (draw) a structure by the which, flow knowledge, creativity and values. Secondary to this, the organisationally culture is able to improve the performance of health enterprise.Las organizaciones sanitarias son consideradas por los expertos como una de las más complejas a nivel de gestión y política de personas. El hecho responde a la intensidad de las emociones vividas en el día a día tanto con el paciente como con los colegas. Las experiencias vividas donde se combinan alegrías, tristezas y momentos estresantes generan en muchas organizaciones sanitarias un clima laboral inadecuado que repercute negativamente en el rendimiento de las organizaciones de salud. Este artículo pretende justificar la importancia de las relaciones sociales o informales que se establecen entre los trabajadores y cómo éstos pueden tejer un entramado por el que fluyan conocimiento, creatividad y valores que provoquen una cultura organizativa capaz de aumentar el rendimiento de la empresa sanitaria

Life Habits of Healthcare Professionals during the Third Wave of COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Spanish Hospital

EN] (1) Background: To describe sleep quality, eating behaviour and alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use among healthcare staff in a Spanish public hospital. (2) Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study examining sleep quality (Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index), eating behaviour (Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (R18)), tobacco and drug use (ESTUDES questionnaire) and alcohol use (Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener). (3) Results: 178 people, of whom 87.1% (155) were women, with an average age of 41.59 ± 10.9 years. A total of 59.6% of the healthcare workers had sleep problems, to a greater or lesser degree. The average daily consumption was 10.56 ± 6.74 cigarettes. The most commonly used drugs included cannabis, occasionally used by 88.37%, cocaine (4.75%), ecstasy (4.65%) and amphetamines (2.33%). A total of 22.73% of participants had increased their drug use, and 22.73% had increased their consumption during the pandemic, with beer and wine accounting for 87.2% of drinks consumed during this period. (4) Conclusions: In addition to the psychological and emotional impact already demonstrated, the COVID-19 crisis has repercussions on sleep quality, eating behaviour and alcohol, tobacco and drug consumption. Psychological disturbances have repercussions on physical and functional aspects of healthcare workers. It is feasible that these alterations are due to stress, and it is necessary to act through treatment and prevention as well as promote healthy habits.S

La red social del adolescente: la influencia de la amistad en el desarrollo de hábitos obesogénicos

This aim of this article is to demonstrate the importance of social networks in the obese adolescent's environment. This study emerged in response to the paucity of information encountered in the literature as regards whether adolescents eat better or worse and/or performs more or less physical exercisedepending on their friendship networks. We performed a literature search at the University of León library which focused on obesity and an analysis of young people's social networks, exploring databases such as the Web of Knowledge (WOK), SciELO and Scopus, among others. Articles and other documents of interest were identified using journals from the disciplines of Sociology and the Health Sciences. After the most relevant texts had been read in full, the following results were obtained: (1) relationships influence adolescents' habits, (2) the quality and quantity of food they consume can depend on the type of network to which they belong, and (3) the amount of physical exercise that adolescents do can be influenced by their best friends, by the wider group to which they belong and even by friends of friends. The foregoing suggests that the study of adolescents' social networks could be a useful tool for identifying behaviour patterns; it is therefore applicable to health and public health programmes and would contribute to the sustainability of the systemEl presente artículo pretende justificar la relevancia de las relaciones sociales en el entorno del adolescente obeso. La motivación por este enfoque surgió debido al vacío que se ha encontrado en estudios que expliquen si los adolescentes comen mejor o peor y/o realizan más o menos ejercicio físico dependiendo de su red de amigos. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica centrada en la obesidad y el análisis de las redes sociales de los jóvenes a través de la Biblioteca de la Universidad de León, en diferentes bases de datos tales como Web of Knowledge (WOK), Scielo, Scopus, entre otras. Se obtuvieron artículos y otros documentos de interés utilizando revistas pertenecientes a las disciplinas de la Sociología y de las Ciencias de la Salud. Tras realizar la lectura de los textos más relevantes se pudo obtener los siguientes resultados: (1) las relaciones influyen en los hábitos de los adolescentes, (2) la calidad y la cantidad de comida puede depender del tipo de red que le rodea, y (3) el nivel de ejercicio físico que tiene un individuo se puede ver influenciado por sus mejores amigos, por el grupo en general que le rodea e incluso por los amigos de sus amigos. De todo ello se deriva, que el estudio de la red social del individuo puede ser una herramienta útil a la hora de visualizar los patrones de comportamiento, y por tanto, aplicable a los programas de salud y salud pública contribuyendo, de esta forma, a la sostenibilidad del sistema

Men who have sex with men: An approach to social network analysis

[EN] Background: Dating apps for men who have sex with men (MSM) have favored unprotected sexual encounters; other unsafe practices, including drug use, are widespread. No evidence is available from the perspective of the structure of their relationships, a personal aspect included in all nursing meta-paradigms. Aim: To study the structure of MSM networks through dating and contact applications and this relationship to risky sexual activities such as condom use, chemsex (sex while using drug), and group sex. Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Sample: A total of 32 MSM participants from Madrid (Spain). Measurements: Socio-demographic and structural variables with Social Network Analysis (SNA) metrics. Data on condom use, drug use during encounters, and group sex were included. Results: Twenty-five percent of respondents practiced chemsex, and 75% of these used poppers. MSM with higher socioeconomic status participated in group sex sessions more frequently than those with lower socioeconomics. Within the network analysis, the relationships strong showed greater ease in having unprotected anal intercourse. Conclusion: SNA can be effective in the study of MSM sexual networks and their risk behaviors for community nurses to improve their interventions in sexual health promotionS

A Qualitative Study of Secondary School Teachers’ Perception of Social Network Analysis Metrics in the Context of Alcohol Consumption among Adolescents

10 p.Adolescence is a transitional period during which a number of changes occur. Social relationships established during this period influence adolescent behaviour and affect academic performance or alcohol consumption habits, among other issues. Teachers are very important actors in observing and guiding the evolution of their students, and should therefore have the appropriate knowledge and tools to gain insight into the complex social relationships that exist in their classes. The use of social network analysis (SNA) techniques may be helpful in order to study and monitor the evolution of these social networks. This study tries to understand how teachers perceive SNA metrics from an intuitive point of view. Using this information, useful tools could be created that allow teachers to use SNA techniques to improve their understanding of student relationships. A number of interviews with different teachers were held in secondary schools in Spain, allowing SNA concepts to be related to the everyday terms used by the teachers to characterize their students. Results from the study have an impact on questionnaire design for gathering data from students in order to perform an SNA analysis and on the design of software applications that can help teachers to understand the results of this analysis.S