Political Change in Wartime: The Khmer Krahom Revolution in Southern Cambodia 1970-1974

An examination of the experience of southern Cambodia from 1971 to 1974 explains how a small but dedicated force was able to impose a revolution on a society without widespread participation of the peasantry

Integration Challenges for the 1980s: Long Range Plans for School Facilities

In 1980 the Milwaukee School Board considered a 1980-90 School Building and Sites Plan which recommends policies for school closings and construction projects for the 1980\u27s. This report by Lois Quinn and Kenneth Robinson of the Metropolitan Integration Research Center discusses the proposals of the School Building and Sites Commission and provides analysis of the three factors which the Commission stated were most important in planning school closings: impact on desegregation, declining enrollments, and budgetary constraints

Fabrication of high-entropy nitrides and carbonitrides

In high-entropy alloys, the use of multiple principle alloying elements is known to entropically stabilize the material. Refractory nitrides and carbides of transition metals are widely known for their ultra high-temperature stability and their high hardness, properties that make them valuable materials for extreme environments, such as coating the exterior of hypersonic flight vehicles and the interior of nuclear reactors. By creating entropy-stabilized complex solid solutions of nitrides and carbides, one can take advantage of the inherent favorable properties of these materials, as well as increased thermal stability and solid solution strengthening. Five-metal systems are chosen using first-principles calculations to describe the energetic distribution of possible atomic configurations, in order to identify systems that are likely to form an entropy-stabilized solid solution. Bulk samples of equiatomic, hexanery (5-metal), high-entropy refractory nitrides and carbonitrides were then fabricated to demonstrate this concept, by using a combination of high-energy ball milling, spark plasma sintering, and hot pressing. The uniformity of the microstructures is characterized, and single-phase solid solutions are achieved, thus demonstrating the ability to entropically stabilize multi-component random mixtures of refractory carbides and nitrides. This work is supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research MURI program (Grant No. N00014-15- 1-2863

Divergent HIV and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Surveillance, Zaire

Recent HIV infection or divergent HIV or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains may be responsible for Western blot–indeterminate results on 70 serum samples from Zairian hospital employees that were reactive in an enzyme immunoassay. Using universal polymerase chain reaction HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV primers, we detected 1 (1.4%) HIV-1 sequence. Except for 1 sample, no molecular evidence for unusual HIV- or SIV-like strains in this sampling was found

Evidence for Geomagnetic Imprinting as a Homing Mechanism in Pacific Salmon

In the final phase of their spawning migration, Pacific salmon use chemical cues to identify their home river, but how they navigate from the open ocean to the correct coastal area has remained enigmatic [1]. To test the hypothesis that salmon imprint on the magnetic field that exists where they first enter the sea and later seek the same field upon return [2-4], we analyzed a 56-year fisheries data set on Fraser River sockeye salmon, which must detour around Vancouver Island to approach the river through either a northern or southern passageway [5, 6]. We found that the proportion of salmon using each route was predicted by geomagnetic field drift: the more the field at a passage entrance diverged from the field at the river mouth, the fewer fish used the passage. We also found that more fish used the northern passage in years with warmer sea surface temperature (presumably because fish were constrained to more northern latitudes). Field drift accounted for 16% of the variation in migratory route used, temperature 22%, and the interaction between these variables 28%. These results provide the first empirical evidence of geomagnetic imprinting in any species and imply that forecasting salmon movements is possible using geomagnetic models

Evidence for geomagnetic imprinting as a homing mechanism in Pacific salmon

In the final phase of their spawning migration, Pacific salmon use chemical cues to identify their home river, but how they navigate from the open ocean to the correct coastal area has remained enigmatic [1]. To test the hypothesis that salmon imprint on the magnetic field that exists where they first enter the sea and later seek the same field upon return [2, 3, 4], we analyzed a 56-year fisheries data set on Fraser River sockeye salmon, which must detour around Vancouver Island to approach the river through either a northern or southern passageway [5, 6]. We found that the proportion of salmon using each route was predicted by geomagnetic field drift: the more the field at a passage entrance diverged from the field at the river mouth, the fewer fish used the passage. We also found that more fish used the northern passage in years with warmer sea surface temperature (presumably because fish were constrained to more northern latitudes). Field drift accounted for 16% of the variation in migratory route used, temperature 22%, and the interaction between these variables 28%. These results provide the first empirical evidence of geomagnetic imprinting in any species and imply that forecasting salmon movements is possible using geomagnetic models.This is the author's final peer reviewed manuscript as accepted by the publisher. The official publication is copyrighted by Elsevier (Cell Press) and can be found at http://www.cell.com/current-biology/home.Keywords: geomagnetic secular variation, magnetic map, salmon, imprinting, magnetoreception, navigation, orientatio

Standardized Urine-Based Tuberculosis (TB) Screening With TB-Lipoarabinomannan and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra in Ugandan Adults With Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease and Suspected Meningitis.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains challenging. We sought to determine the prevalence of disseminated TB by testing urine with TB-lipoarabinomannan (TB-LAM) lateral flow assay and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Ultra) in hospitalized adults. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive adults with suspected meningitis in Uganda during 2018-2020. Participants underwent standardized urine-based TB screening. Urine (60 mcL) was tested with TB-LAM (Alere), and remaining urine was centrifuged with the cell pellet resuspended in 2 mL of urine for Xpert Ultra testing. RESULTS: We enrolled 348 HIV-positive inpatients with median CD4 of 37 cells/mcL (interquartile range, 13-102 cells/mcL). Overall, 26% (90 of 348; 95% confidence interval [CI], 21%-30%) had evidence of disseminated TB by either urine assay. Of 243 participants with both urine TB-LAM and Ultra results, 20% (48 of 243) were TB-LAM-positive, 12% (29 of 243) were Ultra-positive, and 6% (14 of 243) were positive by both assays. In definite and probable TB meningitis, 37% (14 of 38) were TB-LAM-positive and 41% (15 of 37) were Ultra-positive. In cryptococcal meningitis, 22% (40 of 183) were TB-LAM-positive and 4.4% (6 of 135) were Ultra-positive. Mortality trended higher in those with evidence of disseminated TB by either assay (odds ratio = 1.44; 95% CI, 0.83-2.49; P = .19) and was 6-fold higher in those with definite TB meningitis who were urine Ultra-positive (odds ratio = 5.67; 95% CI, 1.13-28.5; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: In hospitalized Ugandans with advanced HIV disease and suspected meningitis, systematic screening with urine TB-LAM and Ultra found a high prevalence of urine TB test positivity (26%). In those with TB meningitis, urine tests were positive in over one third. There was little concordance between Ultra and TB-LAM, which warrants further investigation

Genome-wide association study evaluating single-nucleotide polymorphisms and outcomes in patients with advanced stage serous ovarian or primary peritoneal cancer: An NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group study

This study evaluated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with progression free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced stage serous EOC