Análisis técnico-económico de la producción de aromáticos a partir de bioetanol

En este trabajo se desarrolla la ingeniería básica de una planta de producción de 140.000 toneladas anuales de BTX (benceno, tolueno y xileno) empleando etanol como materia prima. En primer lugar, se realiza una introducción en la que se expone la situación actual de los BTX y un breve análisis de mercado que servirá de ayuda para fijar la producción de la planta. A continuación, se exponen los principales métodos de producción de BTX en la actualidad, además de otros métodos no convencionales. Entre ellos, se explica con más detalle la ruta de obtención de BTX a partir de etanol, concretamente las características del reactor, en el que se emplea un catalizador de zeolita HZSM-5 dopada con galio, que permite obtener una conversión de etanol del 96% y una selectividad a BTX del 73%. Posteriormente, se presenta el diagrama de flujo de la instalación, considerando varios sistemas alternativos de separación y justificando la elección de los equipos incluidos en el PFD definitivo. En cuanto a los cálculos realizados, cabe descatar que se han usado los softwares “Aspen Plus” y “Excel”. El primero ha permitido resolver los balances de materia y energía de la planta, además de diseñar los equipos involucrados en el proceso. Tras realizar estos cálculos, se obtiene un rendimiento a productos del 70%, es decir, se producen 70 kg de BTX por cada 100 kg de etanol alimentado a la planta. Por otro lado, el “Excel” se ha empleado en la elaboración del estudio económico, donde se estima, mediante correlaciones, la inversión inicial requerida por la instalación y se estudia la viabilidad económica del proyecto a través del VAN (Valor Presente Neto). Para ello, se analiza cómo afecta a este indicador económico la variación del precio de la materia prima y los productos obtenidos en la planta. Así, se consigue realizar una primera estimación de la viabilidad económica de la instalación, obteniendo un VAN de 41 millones de euros para una vida útil de la planta de 30 años, considerando un precio de medio del etanol y los BTX.This project develops the basic engineering of a BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene) production plant using ethanol as raw material, with a capacity of 140,000 tons per year. Firstly, current situation of BTXs and a brief analysis of the market are presented, which will be helpful to fix the production of the plant. After that, BTXs main production methods are explained, as well as other nonconventional methods. Among them, the route which leads to obtain BTX from ethanol is explained in more detail, these aromatic compounds are produced in a reactor with a gallium-doped HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst. Thanks to this catalyst, is it possible to achieve a 96% ethanol conversion and a 73% BTX yield. Then, the flowsheet of the installation is presented, considering several alternative separation systems and justifying the election of the equipment included in the final PFD. Regarding the calculations, "Aspen Plus" and "Excel" softwares have been employed. The first one leads to solve mass and energy balances and to design the equipments involved in the process. A product yield of 70% is obtained, 100 kg of ethanol isrequired to produce 70 kg of BTX On the other hand, "Excel" is used to study the process economics, where the initial investment required is estimated through correlations and the project viability is studied through the NPV (Net Present Value). To this end, the variation of this economic indicator in the price of the raw material and the products is analysed. Thus, a first estimate of the project profitability is made, obtaining an NPV of 41 million euros for a useful life fof the plant of 30 years, considering an average price of ethanol and BTX.Universidad de Sevilla. Máster en Ingeniería Químic

Danzas folklóricas y su relación con la identidad cultural en los niños del 5° y 6° grado de la I.E. 18114 de Colcamar – Luya – 2018.

La presente investigación titulada: danzas folklóricas y su relación con la identidad cultural en los niños del 5° y 6° grado de la I.E. 18114 de Colcamar – Luya – 2018.El objetivo de la investigación es determinar el nivel de relación que existe entre las danzas folklóricas y la identidad cultural en los niños del 5° y 6° grado de la I.E. 18114 de Colcamar – Luya – 2018. La investigación fue de tipo descriptivo correlacional, y con ella se constituyó una muestra que estuvo conformada por 30 estudiantes de la Institución Educativa Nº 18114 de Colcamar – Luya. Del análisis de las figuras estadísticos, se lograron algunas conclusiones referidas a las danzas folklóricas y a la identidad cultural, bajo los enfoques teóricos de Etkin y Schvarstein (1997), De la Garza (2010: 38), Díaz, 2005, Marta Castañer 2002. De las principales conclusiones se puede extraer del presente informe de investigación podemos rescatar lo siguiente: La danza folklórica tiene un gran valor educativo para el estudiante, porque desde el punto de vista pedagógico se dice que la danza es una actividad vital espontánea y permanente del niño y la identidad cultural según .Stuart Hall (2010), “Representación es la producción de sentido de los conceptos en nuestra mente mediante el lenguaje. El vínculo entre los conceptos y el lenguaje es lo que nos capacita para referirnos bien sea al mundo ‘real’ de los objetos o eventos, o bien sea incluso a los mundos imaginarios de los objetos, gente y eventos ficticios. Es así que en la etapa escolar crea, fomenta normas de relaciones sociales y morales, y es agente de transmisión de ideas. El cual se recomienda a todos los docentes del nivel primario de poder valorar estos medios Educativos que es de suma importancia en el aprendizaje del estudiante.Tesi

Spatial patterns and stability of topsoil water content in a rainfed fallow cereal field and Calcisol-type soil

26 Pags.- 7 Fgis.- 4 Tabls. The definitive version is available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03783774Topsoil water content (TSWC) is a key factor for crop establishment and subsequent production, runoff generation, soil detachment, and other soil processes. TSWC is one of the most variable soil properties due to the complexity of water fluxes in the unsaturated zone. The studies about TSWC in cultivated Calcisols are limited and almost inexistent under fallow treatment in rainfed cereal fields. We hypothesize that certain wetness characteristics (patterns, ranges and changes) of a soil portion remain over time. This study seeks to identify the spatial patterns of TSWC and their temporal stability in a Mediterranean fallow rainfed cereal field (1.6 ha, partial stubble retention, no weed growth allowed) and Haplic Calcisol-type soil. During 15 months (December 2009 to February 2011) and 25 field surveys measurements were made at 156 points (three values per point) by using a frequency-domain probe. Values of TSWC varied significantly and four humidity periods were identified using antecedent rainfall and evapotranspiration values: wet (November–February, 27.1 vol.% on average), spring (March–June, 18.8 vol.%), dry (July–September, 12.1 vol.%) and wetting-up (October, 18.8 vol.%). The relative differences within the field decreased under wet conditions and were higher in the dry surveys. The combined analysis of the standard deviation of the relative differences (SDRD) and the maps of TSWC showed that the spatial patterns of both the water content and the value changes were not stable at short-term. However, eight water content zones were defined at long-term supporting the initial hypothesis: wettest (23.8 vol.%), driest (16.8 vol.%), stable (SDRD 0.247) and moist and dry. Satisfactory correlations were obtained with two topographic factors (average slope of the contributing area and convexity) and four soil properties (rock, silt, carbonates and the water content at field capacity) and correlations improved in the wet period related to the dry period. A different time response of the TSWC values appeared in the wet (between 2 and 3 days) and dry (6 and 7 days) periods related to the antecedent rainfall and evapotranspiration. The different water content zones presented different values of the soil and topographic factors that explain the different temporal stability of the relative differences in TSWC.This research was funded by the project “Erosion and redistribution of soils and nutrients in Mediterranean agroecosystems: radioisotopic tracers of sources and sinks and modelling of scenarios (EROMED) (CGL2011-25486/BTE)” of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.Peer reviewe

Linking spatial patterns of soil redistribution traced with 137Cs and soil nutrients in a Mediterranean mountain agroecosystem (NE Spain)

1 Pag.This study aims to address soil movement and soil nutrient dynamics closely related to the status of soil degradation. A rain-fed cereal field (1.6 ha) representative of Mediterranean mountain agricultural landscapes (42 25’41”N 1 13’8”W) was selected to examine the effects of soil redistribution processes on the spatial variability of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SON) and their relationships with soil properties and topographic characteristics.Peer reviewe

Gypsum plasterboard deconstruction to recycling Economic Study in Europe

Gypsum plasterboard are widely and increasingly used within the construction sector, as partitions, lining of walls, ceiling or flooring systems, representing consequently the largest proportion of the recyclable gypsum waste arisen nowadays in Europe. This paper studies the reverse logistics processes taking place in the End-of-Life (EoL) phase of the recyclable gypsum plasterboard, by analysing and discussing the existing business model for the distinct gypsum waste routes, either deconstruction or demolition, based on economic parameters and assumptions from a set of case studies where best deconstruction practices have been implemented. This analysis has been developed in the framework of the European Life+ GtoG Project ENV/BE/001039: ?From Production to Recycling, a Circular Economy for the European Gypsum Industry with the Demolition and Recycling Industry?. The study highlights the need for an effective deconstruction process to optimize the plasterboard waste recycling, as well as the impact that taxes charged to the disposal of construction and demolition waste have on the economics from deconstruction to recycling. Trabajo publicado en las Actas del Décimoquinto Congreso SGEM, Área "Energy and Clean Technologies", "Subject Area: Energy & Fuels; Geology; Nuclear Science & Technology". Indexado por ISI Web of Knowledge y Scopus. ISBN: 978-619-7105-38-4. Periodicidad: Anua

Trazabilidad y calidad de los residuos de yeso: análisis de casos de estudio

En ciertos países, como es el caso de España, los residuos de yeso provenientes de Residuos de Construcción y Demolición (RCD), son sistemáticamente enviados a vertedero. Sin embargo, este material es completamente reciclable. Es por ello que existen sistemas de reciclaje ya implantados en distintos países europeos, como es el caso de Bélgica, Dinamarca, Finlandia, Francia, Países Bajos, Reino Unido y Suecia. Forman parte de los residuos de yeso reciclables la Placa de Yeso Laminado (PYL), los bloques de yeso y las placas de escayola

Gypsum to gypsum (GtoG): The European Life+ project that aims to transform the gypsum waste market

The GtoG project is working for creating a recycling culture of gypsum products, changing the way this waste is usually treated in construction, renovation and demolition works, with the aim of achieving higher gypsum recycling rates in Europe and promoting selective deconstruction practices. For this purpose and under the leadership of Eurogypsum (the European Plaster and Plasterboard Manufacturers Association) five demolition companies, one demolition consultant, two gypsum waste processors, five plasterboard manufacturers and three academic partners, from 7 European countries, work together constituting the project consortium. A preliminary study on current practices was completed in 2013. Subsequently in 2014, a set of demonstration activities on deconstruction, processing of gypsum waste and reincorporation of recycled gypsum were conducted. Finally, during this year 2015, different results have been delivered, such as the European Handbook of best practices for controlled deconstruction of gypsum systems and the Report on best practice indicators for deconstruction, recycling and reincorporation practices. The final results will include an Inventory of best practices and the Roadmap for the future implementation of a sustainable value chain

Formulación de indicadores para la monitorización del reciclaje en ciclo cerrado de productos de base yeso: deconstrucción, procesado y reincorporación

El establecimiento de un sistema de indicadores se ha configurado en los últimos años como un método simple de evaluación en los procesos de toma de decisiones. Los indicadores son medidas cuantitativas, cualitativas o descriptivas, que permiten simplificar la información disponible acerca de un elemento y/o calidad de un proceso, en una forma relativamente sencilla de utilizar y comprender. De tal manera que su información debe de ser relevante y útil para facilitar las decisiones que serán tomadas sobre la base de sus resultados, con el propósito de optimizar los procesos a medir e identificar cambios o mejoras

Gypsum recycling best practice indicators

Since January 2013, the Life+ GtoG project is working for transforming the gypsum waste market. The aim is to achieve higher gypsum recycling rates in Europe and to promote best practices in deconstruction, recycling and reincorporation processes. This paper focuses on the Best Practice Indicators (BPIs) for gypsum recycling. To this end, a set of monitoring parameters have been defined and combined in the form of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) that have been tested by the three gypsum recyclers participating in the project. As a result, a group of BPIs has been obtained, which can be used to recognize and encourage best practices associated to the recycling route, from a technical, environmental, social and economic perspectiv

Determination of gibberellic acid in a commercial seaweed extract by capillary electrophoresis

Gibberellic acid (GA3) is an important plant growth regulator used in agriculture. This work has developed and validated a simple method for the quantification of GA3 in a seaweed extract product using capillary electrophoresis with direct UV detection. A fused-silica capillary of 50 µm inner diameter and 30 cm of effective length with extended light path, 50 mmol.L-1 of borate buffer as background electrolyte solution (pH 9.11), voltage of +30kV applying hydrodynamic injection of 50 mbar for 5 s and length detection of 200 nm were employed. The method was validated according to the International Conference Harmonisation guidelines. Satisfactory results in the range of 10 – 100 mg.L-1 were obtained for precision (RSD below 3.62%), linearity (R2: 0.9976, lack of fit test p > 0.05), specificity and accuracy for which the limit of detection and quantitation were 3.07 and 9.29 mg.L-1, respectively. The results indicate that the method is suitable for implementation in agroindustry in order to assure the quality control of GA3 of seaweed products