Avaliação da resistência de união ao cisalhamento, de diferentes sistemas adesivos à dentina. Análise em MEV do infiltrado resinoso

Foi avaliada in vitroa resistência de união ao cisalhamento de seis sistemas adesivos à dentina, e também, análise microscópica (MEV) do infiltrado resinoso.Para tanto, noventa terceiros molares humanos, hígidos e erupcionados foram selecionados, sendo setenta e dois utilizados para os testes mecânicos e dezoito para análise microscópica.Inicialmente setenta e dois molares tiveram suas superfícies oclusais desgastadas, até completa eliminação do esmalte e total exposição da área dentinária, sendo incluídos em matriz bi-partida com gesso especial. Após a superfície dentinária ter sido submetida a ação de lixas d'água de granulação decrescente, os corpos de prova (doze por grupo) receberam de acordo com as recomendações dos fabricantes, a aplicação dos sitemas adesivos dentinários: G1-SE BOND; G2- ABF BOND; G3- PRIME & BOND NT; G4- SINGLE-BOND;G5-TENURE QUICK FLUORIDE e G6-GLUMA CONFORT BOND DESSENSITIZER; sendo posteriormente acoplados em Aparatus Ultradent que possue uma matriz de teflon com diâmetro de 2,35 mm de raio onde uma resina composta (P60-3M Dental Produc.) foi compactada pelo orifício da matriz e fotopolimerizada seguindo o protocolo do fabricante. Obteve-se assim um cilindro de resina composta que manteve-se aderido a superfície dentinária. Os corpos de prova foram submetidos a termociclagem (500x,5-55°C) , armazenados em água destilada a 37°C por 48 horas e fixados em máquina de ensaio universal Instron/MTS para os testes de cisalhamento.Os valores médios de resistência de união, em Mpa, para os grupos foram: G1 -22.9 l 4.3; G2 -23.9 l 3.2; G3 -18.0 l 2.2; G4 -25.0 l 4.9; G5 -23.5 l 4.7 e G6 -22.7 l 3.2. ANOVA, a nível de significância p<0.05, apresentou diferenças significantes. SNK para comparação entre os grupos mostrou diferenças significantes entre os grupos, 1 vs 3, 2 vs 3, 4... .To evaluate the resin-dentin interfacial morphology and shear bond strength to dentin of several new self-etching primers and experimental dentin bonding systems and one-bottle enamel-dentin adhesives. Seventy-two healthy human molars were selected. Flat occlusal surfaces were made with a series of SiC paper into the superficial-to-middle dentin. The following groups were established (12 teeth per group): (G1) SE Bond; (G2) Experimental ABF Bond; (G3) Prime & Bond NT; (G4) Single-Bond; (G5) Tenure Quick F and (G6) Gluma Comfort Bond + Desensitizer. For all groups P60 (3M) resin-based composite was used. All adhesives were handled according to the manufacturers' instructions. Immediately after bonding, the specimens were stored in water for 48 hrs and then thermocycled (500x, 5-55°C). Specimens were sheared at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min in an Instron / MTS machine. The results were analyzed with an ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test. All samples were treated with glutaraldehyde, 37% phosphoric acid, NaOCl, HCL, and gold-palladium to be inspected under SEM (Model 840A, JEOL). In MPa: (1) 22.9 l 4.3; (2) 23.9 l 3.1; (3) 18.0 l 2.2; (4) 25.0 l 4.9; (5) 23.5 l 4.7;(G6) 22.7 l 3.2. ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference (P< 0.05) among the groups. SNK test showed that groups 1 vs 3, 2 vs 3, 4 vs 3, 5 vs 3 and 6 vs 3 were statistically significantly different (P<0.05). SE Bond, Experimental ABF Bond, Single-Bond, Tenure Quick F and Gluma Comfort Bond + Desensitizer showed no significant differences among them, but were different from Prime-Bond NT. All adhesives systems produced resin-infiltrated dentin layer within intertubular dentin of resin tags by SEM. Bond strength did not correlate well with the thickness and morphology of resin-infiltrated dentin layer

Effects of bleaching agents and adhesive systems in dental pulp: a literature review

The dental pulp may be exposed to several irritants that are potentially noxious to the health and functions of this tissue. Each type of irritant or injury has different effects on the pulp, which are generally characterized by acute inflammation, chronic inflammation or necrosis. Common examples of irritants are dental caries, cavity preparation procedures, traumatic injuries, and chemical substances like bleaching agents and adhesive systems. The present study aimed to review the current knowledge about the effect of bleaching agents and adhesive systems in the human dental pulp. The review covered literature from 2004 to 2009, and only relevant manuscripts were included. Hand search of the references completed the review. Based on literature review, it may be concluded that all dental procedures associated with bleaching agents or adhesive systems involve risks to cause pulp damage. However, these risks can be minimized if the causal factors were known and avoided

Use of computerized microtomography, energy dispersive spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy to monitor effects of adding calcium to bleaching gels.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the loss of mineral content, expressed by calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P), in dental enamel exposed to bleaching agents using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Methods: Sixty bovine dental enamel specimens were randomly divided into three groups (n=20): HP35ca (bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide with Ca); HP35wca (bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide without Ca); and control (without bleaching). Five specimens from each group were used for SEM and EDS analyses, 10 specimens were used for AFM analysis, and the remaining five specimens were used for micro-CT analysis. The pH of the gels was measured using a pH meter. The EDS and micro-CT data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation test. The AFM data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (α=0.05). Results: The weight percentages of Ca and P obtained using EDS were similar between the bleached and control groups. Small superficial changes were observed by SEM in the HP35wca group. The HP35ca group showed similar patterns to the control group. AFM results showed no significant changes in the enamel roughness in any of the tested groups. No significant difference in the volume or depth of structural enamel loss was found between gels with and without Ca. No mineral loss was observed in the dentin substrate. The EDS and micro-CT analysis data exhibited a high correlation (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The addition of Ca to the bleaching gel had no beneficial effect on the bleached tooth enamel in terms of composition, mineral loss, and surface roughness. Micro-CT results exhibited a high correlation with the EDS results.Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação)O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a perda de conteúdo mineral, expressa por cálcio (Ca) e fosfato (P), no esmalte dental exposto a agentes clareadores por meio de microtomografia computadorizada (micro-CT), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS) e microscopia de força atômica (AFM). Sessenta espécimes de esmalte dentário bovino foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos (n = 20): HP35ca (clareado com peróxido de hidrogênio a 35% com Ca); HP35wca (clareado com peróxido de hidrogênio 35% sem Ca); e controle (sem clareamento). Cinco amostras de cada grupo foram usadas para análises MEV e EDS, 10 amostras foram usadas para análise de AFM e as cinco amostras restantes foram usadas para análise de micro-CT. O pH dos géis foi medido usando um medidor de pH. Os dados de EDS e micro-CT foram analisados usando ANOVA de uma via e teste de correlação de Pearson. Os dados de AFM foram analisados usando ANOVA de uma via (α = 0,05). As porcentagens em peso de Ca e P obtidas por EDS foram semelhantes entre os grupos clareado e controle. Pequenas mudanças superficiais foram observadas por MEV no grupo HP35wca. O grupo HP35ca apresentou padrões semelhantes ao grupo controle. Os resultados de AFM não mostraram alterações significativas na rugosidade do esmalte em nenhum dos grupos testados. Nenhuma diferença significativa no volume ou profundidade da perda estrutural de esmalte foi encontrada entre os géis com e sem Ca. Nenhuma perda mineral foi observada no substrato dentinário. Os dados de análise de EDS e micro-CT exibiram uma alta correlação (P < 0,001). A adição de Ca ao gel clareador não teve efeito benéfico sobre o esmalte clareado do dente em termos de composição, perda mineral e rugosidade superficial. Os resultados de micro-CT exibiram uma alta correlação com os resultados de EDS

Permeability, roughness and topography of enamel after bleaching: tracking channelsof penetration with silver nitrate

Aim: This study evaluated the surface roughness, topography and permeability of bovine enamel by profilometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with and without silver nitrate solution, after exposure to different bleaching agents. Methods: Fifty-two enamel samples were randomly divided into four groups (n=13): CP16% 16% carbamide peroxide - Whiteness Perfect; HP6% - 6% hydrogen peroxide - White Class; HP35% - 35% hydrogen peroxide Whiteness HP Maxx; and Control - not bleached and kept in artificial saliva. For roughness analysis, average surface roughness (Ra) and flatness coefficient (Rku) parameters were used. The topography and permeability were examined by SEM. For permeability evaluation, the samples were immersed in a 50% silver nitrate solution and analyzed using a backscattered electron and secondary electron mode. Results: For the roughness (Ra) evaluation, Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test were used, showing an increase on the surface roughness in all bleached groups. The Rku parameter suggested changes on enamel integrity. The SEM micrographs indicated changes on enamel topography and different levels of silver nitrate penetration in the samples of the bleached groups. In the overall analysis, the bleaching agents promoted surface changes and higher silver nitrate penetration when compared to the control group. Conclusions: It may be concluded that different bleaching agents might alter the topography and roughness of enamel surface. Moreover, the higher infiltration of silver nitrate suggests an easier penetration path for the oxygen molecules into the dentin substrate