Isolamento e seleção de bactérias diazotróficas associadas a plantas de sorgo

15

Identificação e seleção de bactérias diazotróficas isoladas de plantas de milho

23

Metal-resistant rhizobacteria change soluble-exchangeable fraction in multi-metal-contaminated soil samples

There is a complex interaction between various components of the soil ecosystem, including microbial biomass and soil chemical contaminants such as heavy metals and radionuclides, which may greatly affect the efficiency of bioremediation techniques. The aim of this study was to investigate microbial capacity to change pH, changes in the metal soluble-exchangeable fraction, and effects of initial heavy metal contents on soil samples in microbial solubilization/immobilization capacity. The soil samples used in this study were collected at a known metal-contaminated site. Three highly metal-resistant bacteria were isolated from rhizosphere soil samples collected on weed species identified as Senecio brasiliensis, Senecio leptolobus, and Baccharis trimera. A completely randomized experimental design in a factorial arrangement was used, with three replicates. In general, with an acid pH, the isolates neutralized the contaminated growth media. In a neutral or basic initial pH, increases in pH were observed in the media, so these bacteria have an alkalizing effect on the growth media. Soluble metal contents were quite different and depend on the microbial species and heavy metal contents in the soil samples. The soluble-exchangeable fraction of metal such as Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, and Ba may be unavailable after inoculation with heavy metalresistant rhizobacteria. A promising approach seems to be the application of inoculants with metal-resistant bacteria in bioremediation of multi-metal-polluted environments to improve the efficiency of this environmentally friendly technology

New benzo(a)pyrene-degrading strains of the Burkholderia cepacia complex prospected from activated sludge in a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant

The prospection of bacteria that are resistant to polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) of activated sludge from a Petrochemical Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) allows investigating potential biodegraders of PAH. For this purpose, sludge samples were cultured with benzo(a)pyrene and/or naphthalene as carbon sources. The recovered isolates were characterized by biochemical methods and identified based on the analysis of the sequence of three genes: 16S, recA and gyrB. The isolated strains were shown to be capable of producing surfactants, which are important for compound degradation. The ability to reduce benzo(a)pyrene in vitro was tested by gas chromatography. After 20 days of experiment, the consortium that was enriched with 1 mg/L of benzo(a)pyrene was able to reduce 30% of the compound when compared to a control without bacteria. The four isolated strains that significantly reduced benzo(a)pyrene belong to the Burkholderia cepacia complex and were identified within the consortium as the species B. cenocepacia IIIa, B. vietnamiensis, B. cepacia, and B. multivorans. This finding demonstrates the biotechnological potential of the B. cepacia complex strains for use in wastewater treatment and bioremediation. Previous studies on hydrocarbon-degrading strains focused mainly on contaminated soil or marine areas. In this work, the strains were prospected from activated sludge in a WWTP and showed the potential of indigenous samples to be used in both improving treatment systems and bioremediation of areas contaminated with petrochemical waste

Diversity and composition of soil microbial communities of constructed soils, and soils under different agricultural management

Este estudo avaliou as comunidades microbianas do solo de dois ecossistemas para tentar encontrar particularidades e relações entre os microrganismos e as características do solo. Para isto, foram estudadas a diversidade, a abundância relativa e a composição microbiana do solo, utilizando-se sequenciamento Illumina do gene de rRNA 16S. Foram avaliadas 5 áreas de solo construído após a mineração de carvão, uma área de floresta e uma de campo-nativo em Candiota/RS, assim como uma área experimental agrícola sob diferentes sistemas de manejo e rotação de culturas, na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS, em Eldorado do Sul/RS. Foi observada uma redução drástica na diversidade microbiana nos solos construídos comparando-se com solos de mata ou pastagem nativa. Os gêneros mais abundantes nos solos construídos foram Thiobacillus, Sphingomonas, Novosphingobium, Acinetobacter, e Variovorax. Bradyrhizobium foi o gênero mais abundante na área de floresta (6,4% do total de sequencias) e Bacillus no site pastagens (4,8% do total de sequencias). A diversidade microbiana nos solos construídos aumentou com o tempo, porem mesmo 20 anos após o processo de construção do solo, a diversidade, composição e abundância de microrganismos não retornou aos níveis originais, indicando que os solos construídos não foram recuperados adequadamente com o manejo de solo que foi aplicado. A comunidade microbiana dos solos agrícolas foi significativamente diferente comparando-se os sistemas de plantio convencional e de plantio direto. A diversidade microbiana foi maior nas parcelas em pousio ou onde foram cultivadas apenas gramíneas. O gênero mais abundante nos sistemas convencional e de plantio direto foi Sphingomonas. A bactéria anaeróbia Clostridium demonstrou ser dominante nos solos sob sistema de plantio direto e também onde foram cultivadas gramíneas. A população de Burkholderia foi dominante nos solos onde havia o cultivo da leguminosa Lablab. Os teores de P, Mg, carbono orgânico total, N total e N mineral foram significativamente maiores no sistema de plantio direto. Os resultados confirmaram que tanto o distúrbio causado pela mineração e construção do solo, quanto o manejo agrícola, interferem na diversidade, abundância e composição da comunidade microbiana. Este trabalho sugere a utilização do gênero Bradyrhizobium como um microrganismo “assinatura” em solos naturais, tais como florestas, pastagens ou em locais onde a agricultura cessou há várias décadas, assim como, o gênero Clostridium como um microrganismo “assinatura” do solo agrícola estudado sob plantio direto. A diversidade microbiana demonstrou neste estudo estar totalmente relacionada com a diversidade de plantas. Ambos os solos estudados demonstraram que as características do solo selecionam a comunidade microbiana.This study examined the soil microbial communities from disturbed ecosystems in order to find particularities and relationships between microorganisms and their specific habitat’s soil features. For this study, the soil features were analyzed, as well as the microbial communities relative abundance, diversity, and composition using Illumina high throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Five post-mined sites under restoration, and two sites in an agricultural long-term experiment under different treatments were studied in South Brazil. A drastic decrease in microbial diversity was observed in the post-mined soils when compared to native forest or grassland regional soils. The most abundant genera in the constructed soils were Thiobacillus, Sphingomonas, Novosphingobium, Acinetobacter, and Variovorax. Bradyrhizobium was the most abundant genus in the forest soil (6.4% of total reads) and Bacillus in the grassland soil (4.8 % of total reads). The microbial diversity in constructed soil increased over time, but even twenty years after soil construction, the diversity, composition and abundance of microorganisms did not return to the original levels. The findings indicate that constructed soils were not recovered after the soil management applied. When compared in tillage and no-tillage systems, the microbial community in the studied agricultural sites greatly differed. The microbial diversity was higher in fallow plots, and where only grasses were grown. The most abundant genus in tilled and in no-tilled soil was Sphingomonas. The anaerobe bacteria Clostridium was very abundant in notilled soil, and also dominated the microbial population in soils where grasses were grown. Burkholderia dominated in plots containing the legume Lablab bean. The P, Mg, total organic carbon, total N, and mineral N levels were significantly higher in the no-tillage system. The results confirmed that those environmental disturbances from coal mining and agricultural, led to changes in the nutrition level, switching the abundance of some functional groups responsible for the degradation of compounds as well as for the biogeochemical cycle. Also, it was found that the genus Bradyrhizobium can be used as a signature microorganism in natural soils, such as forest and grassland or in sites where the agriculture had been stopped many decades ago. Similarly, Clostridium can be used as a signature in the studied no-tilled soils. The microbial diversity is higher in natural soils and is reduced in constructed soils after coal mining as well as soils under agricultural management. Both soil environments that were studied had a particular microbial community where a few genera dominates the niche. The environmental niche occupied by each group of microorganisms also had particular soil features that changed according to the soil management

Diversity and composition of soil microbial communities of constructed soils, and soils under different agricultural management

Este estudo avaliou as comunidades microbianas do solo de dois ecossistemas para tentar encontrar particularidades e relações entre os microrganismos e as características do solo. Para isto, foram estudadas a diversidade, a abundância relativa e a composição microbiana do solo, utilizando-se sequenciamento Illumina do gene de rRNA 16S. Foram avaliadas 5 áreas de solo construído após a mineração de carvão, uma área de floresta e uma de campo-nativo em Candiota/RS, assim como uma área experimental agrícola sob diferentes sistemas de manejo e rotação de culturas, na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS, em Eldorado do Sul/RS. Foi observada uma redução drástica na diversidade microbiana nos solos construídos comparando-se com solos de mata ou pastagem nativa. Os gêneros mais abundantes nos solos construídos foram Thiobacillus, Sphingomonas, Novosphingobium, Acinetobacter, e Variovorax. Bradyrhizobium foi o gênero mais abundante na área de floresta (6,4% do total de sequencias) e Bacillus no site pastagens (4,8% do total de sequencias). A diversidade microbiana nos solos construídos aumentou com o tempo, porem mesmo 20 anos após o processo de construção do solo, a diversidade, composição e abundância de microrganismos não retornou aos níveis originais, indicando que os solos construídos não foram recuperados adequadamente com o manejo de solo que foi aplicado. A comunidade microbiana dos solos agrícolas foi significativamente diferente comparando-se os sistemas de plantio convencional e de plantio direto. A diversidade microbiana foi maior nas parcelas em pousio ou onde foram cultivadas apenas gramíneas. O gênero mais abundante nos sistemas convencional e de plantio direto foi Sphingomonas. A bactéria anaeróbia Clostridium demonstrou ser dominante nos solos sob sistema de plantio direto e também onde foram cultivadas gramíneas. A população de Burkholderia foi dominante nos solos onde havia o cultivo da leguminosa Lablab. Os teores de P, Mg, carbono orgânico total, N total e N mineral foram significativamente maiores no sistema de plantio direto. Os resultados confirmaram que tanto o distúrbio causado pela mineração e construção do solo, quanto o manejo agrícola, interferem na diversidade, abundância e composição da comunidade microbiana. Este trabalho sugere a utilização do gênero Bradyrhizobium como um microrganismo “assinatura” em solos naturais, tais como florestas, pastagens ou em locais onde a agricultura cessou há várias décadas, assim como, o gênero Clostridium como um microrganismo “assinatura” do solo agrícola estudado sob plantio direto. A diversidade microbiana demonstrou neste estudo estar totalmente relacionada com a diversidade de plantas. Ambos os solos estudados demonstraram que as características do solo selecionam a comunidade microbiana.This study examined the soil microbial communities from disturbed ecosystems in order to find particularities and relationships between microorganisms and their specific habitat’s soil features. For this study, the soil features were analyzed, as well as the microbial communities relative abundance, diversity, and composition using Illumina high throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Five post-mined sites under restoration, and two sites in an agricultural long-term experiment under different treatments were studied in South Brazil. A drastic decrease in microbial diversity was observed in the post-mined soils when compared to native forest or grassland regional soils. The most abundant genera in the constructed soils were Thiobacillus, Sphingomonas, Novosphingobium, Acinetobacter, and Variovorax. Bradyrhizobium was the most abundant genus in the forest soil (6.4% of total reads) and Bacillus in the grassland soil (4.8 % of total reads). The microbial diversity in constructed soil increased over time, but even twenty years after soil construction, the diversity, composition and abundance of microorganisms did not return to the original levels. The findings indicate that constructed soils were not recovered after the soil management applied. When compared in tillage and no-tillage systems, the microbial community in the studied agricultural sites greatly differed. The microbial diversity was higher in fallow plots, and where only grasses were grown. The most abundant genus in tilled and in no-tilled soil was Sphingomonas. The anaerobe bacteria Clostridium was very abundant in notilled soil, and also dominated the microbial population in soils where grasses were grown. Burkholderia dominated in plots containing the legume Lablab bean. The P, Mg, total organic carbon, total N, and mineral N levels were significantly higher in the no-tillage system. The results confirmed that those environmental disturbances from coal mining and agricultural, led to changes in the nutrition level, switching the abundance of some functional groups responsible for the degradation of compounds as well as for the biogeochemical cycle. Also, it was found that the genus Bradyrhizobium can be used as a signature microorganism in natural soils, such as forest and grassland or in sites where the agriculture had been stopped many decades ago. Similarly, Clostridium can be used as a signature in the studied no-tilled soils. The microbial diversity is higher in natural soils and is reduced in constructed soils after coal mining as well as soils under agricultural management. Both soil environments that were studied had a particular microbial community where a few genera dominates the niche. The environmental niche occupied by each group of microorganisms also had particular soil features that changed according to the soil management

Resposta de cultivares de milho à inoculação com bactérias diazotróficas

10