Characterization of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Chicken Peyer’s Patches by Immunohistochemical Staining

In the chicken, Peyer’s patches (PPs) represent a crucial gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) responsible for antigen sampling and activation of T-cells and B-cells. This involves antigen presentation in the context of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This study aims at elucidating the microanatomical organization of the APCs in the PPs in order to better understand their role in initiating the response to orally administered vaccines. PPs can be most readily identified in young birds (3-12 weeks of age) as an ovoid white patch about 1-cm in length on the antimesenteric side of the mucosa in the distal ileum between the ceca and cephalic to the cecal tonsils. The hallmarks that make the PPs different from the adjacent intestinal tissue include thickened villi, heavy lymphocyte infiltration, and isolated follicles deeply embedded in the muscularis mucosae/submucosa of the intestine. In this study, PPs and the adjacent tissue were rolled up like a Swiss-roll, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen (vapor phase), cryosectioned at 5μm and 10μm and fixed by cold acetone and 80% methanol prior to immunofluorescent visualization of CD205 (DCs), CD40 and/or MHC-II (APCs), IgM (B-cells) and CD3 (T-cells). In the center of the PP follicle, CD40 and surface IgM were abundantly expressed, whereas the expression of MHC-II and CD205 was relatively scarce. CD3^+ cells were predominantly distributed in the peripheral zone of the PP follicle, the lamina propria of the adjacent villi, and localized intraepithelially. MHC-II^+ APCs were packed subepithelially throughout the lamina propria, with some penetrating the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) towards the lumen. CD205^+ DCs appeared as single cells near the crypts and were occasionally found inside the follicles. CD40^+ APCs were clustered both inside and outside the follicles. These results show that, much like in mammalian PPs, naïve B-cells are the major cell type occupying the follicles of chicken PPs, while T-cells are found in the interfollicular areas

Characterization of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Chicken Peyer’s Patches by Immunohistochemical Staining

In the chicken, Peyer’s patches (PPs) represent a crucial gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) responsible for antigen sampling and activation of T-cells and B-cells. This involves antigen presentation in the context of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This study aims at elucidating the microanatomical organization of the APCs in the PPs in order to better understand their role in initiating the response to orally administered vaccines. PPs can be most readily identified in young birds (3-12 weeks of age) as an ovoid white patch about 1-cm in length on the antimesenteric side of the mucosa in the distal ileum between the ceca and cephalic to the cecal tonsils. The hallmarks that make the PPs different from the adjacent intestinal tissue include thickened villi, heavy lymphocyte infiltration, and isolated follicles deeply embedded in the muscularis mucosae/submucosa of the intestine. In this study, PPs and the adjacent tissue were rolled up like a Swiss-roll, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen (vapor phase), cryosectioned at 5μm and 10μm and fixed by cold acetone and 80% methanol prior to immunofluorescent visualization of CD205 (DCs), CD40 and/or MHC-II (APCs), IgM (B-cells) and CD3 (T-cells). In the center of the PP follicle, CD40 and surface IgM were abundantly expressed, whereas the expression of MHC-II and CD205 was relatively scarce. CD3^+ cells were predominantly distributed in the peripheral zone of the PP follicle, the lamina propria of the adjacent villi, and localized intraepithelially. MHC-II^+ APCs were packed subepithelially throughout the lamina propria, with some penetrating the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) towards the lumen. CD205^+ DCs appeared as single cells near the crypts and were occasionally found inside the follicles. CD40^+ APCs were clustered both inside and outside the follicles. These results show that, much like in mammalian PPs, naïve B-cells are the major cell type occupying the follicles of chicken PPs, while T-cells are found in the interfollicular areas

Characterization of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Chicken Peyer’s Patches by Immunohistochemical Staining

In the chicken, Peyer’s patches (PPs) represent a crucial gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) responsible for antigen sampling and activation of T-cells and B-cells. This involves antigen presentation in the context of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This study aims at elucidating the microanatomical organization of the APCs in the PPs in order to better understand their role in initiating the response to orally administered vaccines. PPs can be most readily identified in young birds (3-12 weeks of age) as an ovoid white patch about 1-cm in length on the antimesenteric side of the mucosa in the distal ileum between the ceca and cephalic to the cecal tonsils. The hallmarks that make the PPs different from the adjacent intestinal tissue include thickened villi, heavy lymphocyte infiltration, and isolated follicles deeply embedded in the muscularis mucosae/submucosa of the intestine. In this study, PPs and the adjacent tissue were rolled up like a Swiss-roll, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen (vapor phase), cryosectioned at 5μm and 10μm and fixed by cold acetone and 80% methanol prior to immunofluorescent visualization of CD205 (DCs), CD40 and/or MHC-II (APCs), IgM (B-cells) and CD3 (T-cells). In the center of the PP follicle, CD40 and surface IgM were abundantly expressed, whereas the expression of MHC-II and CD205 was relatively scarce. CD3^+ cells were predominantly distributed in the peripheral zone of the PP follicle, the lamina propria of the adjacent villi, and localized intraepithelially. MHC-II^+ APCs were packed subepithelially throughout the lamina propria, with some penetrating the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) towards the lumen. CD205^+ DCs appeared as single cells near the crypts and were occasionally found inside the follicles. CD40^+ APCs were clustered both inside and outside the follicles. These results show that, much like in mammalian PPs, naïve B-cells are the major cell type occupying the follicles of chicken PPs, while T-cells are found in the interfollicular areas

Influence of Thermal Aging on Microstructure and Property of Gold Alloy Joint Soldered by Sn-based Solder

As an undisputed material of choice to guarantee reliability in a broad range of high performance and safety-critical applications in the electrical contacts and connectors, AuAgCu alloy was soldered with Ag-plated Cu wire using Sn-based solder. To clarify the embrittlement and strength reduction of the gold soldered joint, the microstructure and its influence on the macroand micro-mechanical properties of the soldered joint under various thermal aging conditions were studied. The result indicated that, taking the mechanical property consideration alone, Sn-based solder could be used to join AuAgCu alloy. Different from the embrittlement and strength reduction of the soldered joint of pure gold, although the brittle fracture features appeared in mechanical test of the soldered joints, the shear strength of soldered joint after thermal aging at 125 °C almost did not decrease in comparison with that before thermal aging. Nevertheless, too high temperature and long time still had bad influence on mechanical properties. Otherwise, thermal aging had a large effect on the IMCs layer, as aging temperature elevated and aging time increased, IMCs layer became thicker, more complex components and multiply-sublayers structure with different microhardness. The study provides a fundamental understanding for gold alloy soldering

ELISA for Aging Biomarkers Induced by Telomere Dysfunction in Human Plasma

Background. We identified cathelicidin related antimicrobial protein (CRAMP) secreted from telomere dysfunctional bone marrow cells of late generation telomerase knockout mice (G4mTerc−/−), increased in blood and various tissues. It can represented human aging and disease. The main aim of this study is to investigate the sensitive direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method to analyze the human aging and disease in plasma and the detailed methods to quantify the direct ELISA of these aging biomarkers. Methods. Telomere lengths of 50 healthy persons are measured with real-time PCR in blood cells. Plasma samples from all subjects are analyzed using direct ELISA. Results. From 25 years old person to 78 years, the telomere length becomes shorter during aging. In blood plasma, the expression levels of CRAMP increases during human aging. There is the reverse correspondence between the telomere length and the plasma CRAMP level. We also find that the fresh plasma, the frozen plasma which thawed less than 3 times, and the plasma kept in the room temperature less than 3 hours are better for the ELISA analyze of CRAMP in the plasma. Conclusion. This CRAMP ELISA could become a powerful tool for investigating the relationship between human aging and telomere length shortening

Application of Relative Risk of Meteorological Factors in Power Grid Electricity Load Forecasting

[Introduction] Accurate and efficient short-term electricity load forecasting is a prerequisite for ensuring the safe and reliable operation of power system, and it is also the basis for the rational arrangement of power generation plans in the power grid. Therefore, studying the relationship between meteorology and electricity load is of great significance for load forecasting. [Method] Based on the electricity load data at 15 min intervals during the period between January 1 of 2013 and December 31 of 2021 provided by the State Grid Hebei Electric Power Co., Ltd. as well as the corresponding meteorological observation data of Shijiazhuang station, this paper analyzed the temporal variation characteristics of daily peak electricity load in Shijiazhuang, and in particular, the meteorological conditions corresponding to the samples with a daily peak electricity load that was 10% higher than that of the previous day were analyzed. The Spearman's rank correlation method was used to analyze the correlation between daily peak electricity load in Shijiazhuang and the meteorological factors of the previous day, and significantly correlated meteorological factors were identified. The response curves of the significantly correlated meteorological factors to the next day's peak electricity load were drawn using the smooth curve fitting method, and the analysis revealed the changing trend of daily peak electricity load with the variations of meteorological factors, as well as the response thresholds. For different threshold ranges, the relative risk of meteorological factors to the changes of the daily peak electricity load was calculated based on the Poisson distribution. On this basis, the variation magnitudes of daily peak electricity load caused by per unit change in each meteorological factor within different threshold ranges in Shijiazhuang were calculated, that is, the quantitative impacts of the changes in different meteorological factors on the variation of daily peak electricity load were revealed. [Result] Taking temperature as an example, when the daily average, maximum and minimum temperatures are higher (lower) than the thresholds, the relative risk to the next day′s peak electricity load increases (decreases) by 2.25% (0.62%), 1.92% (0.57%) and 2.07% (0.60%) respectively for every 1 °C increase in temperature. [Conclusion] Based on the relative risk of different meteorological factors to daily peak electricity load in Shijiazhuang, a method for predicting the next day′s peak electricity load is proposed. The test performed using the daily electricity load and meteorological data of Shijiazhuang in 2022 reveals that the prediction effect can meet the needs of daily electricity meteorological service

Effect of algal flocculation on dissolved organic matters using cationic starch modified soils

Modified soils are being increasingly used as geo-engineering materials for the sedimentation removal of cyanobacterial blooms. However, when organic flocculants were used as soil modifiers, little is known about the potential impacts of these materials on the treated water. This study investigated dissolved organic matters in the bloom water after algal removal using cationic starch modified soils (CS-MS). Results showed that the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) could be decreased by CS-MS flocculation and the use of higher charge density CS yielded a greater DOC reduction. When CS with the charge density of 0.052, 0.102 and 0.293 meq/g were used, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was decreased from 3.4 to 3.0, 2.3 and 1.7 mg/L, respectively. The excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and UV254 analysis indicated that CS-MS exhibits an ability to remove some soluble organics, which contributed to the DOC reduction. However, the use of low charge density CS posed a potential risk of DOC increase due to the high CS loading for effective algal removal. When CS with the charge density of 0.044 meq/g was used, DOC was increased from 3.4 to 3.9 mg/L. This study suggested that by optimizing charge density of CS, the use of organic MS-CS flocculants can achieve the sedimentation removal of cyanobacterial cells without increasing the content of dissolved organic matters in bloom waters. For the settled organic matters, other measures (e.g., capping treatments using oxygen loaded materials) should be jointly applied after algal flocculation

Prediction of Screw Loosening After Dynamic Pedicle Screw Fixation With Lumbar Polyetheretherketone Rods Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Vertebral Bone Quality Score

Objective To investigate the correlation between magnetic resonance imaging-based vertebral bone quality (VBQ) score and screw loosening after dynamic pedicle screw fixation with polyetheretherketone (PEEK) rods, and evaluate its predictive value. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the patients who underwent dynamic pedicle screw fixation with PEEK rods from March 2017 to June 2022. Data on age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia history, long-term smoking, alcohol consumption, VBQ score, L1–4 average Hounsfield unit (HU) value, surgical fixation length, and the lowest instrumented vertebra were collected. Logistic regression analysis was employed to assess the relationship between VBQ score and pedicle screw loosening (PSL). Results A total of 24 patients experienced PSL after surgery (20.5%). PSL group and non-PSL group showed statistical differences in age, number of fixed segments, fixation to the sacrum, L1–4 average HU value, and VBQ score (p < 0.05). The VBQ score in the PSL group was higher than that in the non-PSL group (3.56 ± 0.45 vs. 2.77 ± 0.31, p < 0.001). In logistic regression analysis, VBQ score (odds ratio, 3.425; 95% confidence interval, 1.552–8.279) were identified as independent risk factors for screw loosening. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for VBQ score predicting PSL was 0.819 (p < 0.05), with the optimal threshold of 3.15 (sensitivity, 83.1%; specificity, 80.5%). Conclusion The VBQ score can independently predict postoperative screw loosening in patients undergoing lumbar dynamic pedicle screw fixation with PEEK rods, and its predictive value is comparable to HU value

Design of Municipal Sewer Pipe Jacking under Complex Geological Conditions in Plateau Regions

The drainage and sewage interception project hi Zhaoyang District involved the installation of a DN1000 municipal sewer pipeline with a total length of 1541 m. Considering factors such as geological conditions, pipe diameter, buried depth, groundwater level, as well as the impact of nearby underground and aboveground structures and traffic, the trenchless construction method of pipe jacking was selected for implementation. The pipeline followed the route of Weiba Road, crossed Jinying Avenue, and then proceeded along the Second Ring East Road until it reached the bank of Yaowan River. The project design took into account practical considerations, including the sewer pipe diameter, material selection, pipeline routing, construction of pipe jacking starting shafts, and the design and modification of arriving shafts, in line with the specific engineering requirements