Pendugaan Model Permintaan Ubi Kayu di Indonesia

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is important commodity of Indonesia not only as forth producer after Nigeria, Thailand, and Brazil but also as source of carbohydrate. This research will use time series data among 1999-2009. The increasing of cassava production along 1971-2009 reaching 22,03 million tons. And also the projection until 2010 increase until 25,54 million tons. By this increasing, it is expected can open fissure of production and marketing in Indonesia better than before. Simultaneously test of variable contained the coming of cassava stock, another demand, cassava export, cassava consumption, and the demand of cassava last year has significant effect toward cassava demand

Copy number differences of selected gene families (defined based on PFAM or functional predictions) between non-<i>Colletotrichum</i> and <i>Colletotrichum</i> species.

<p>For each family, the Viterbi P value calculated with CAFE is shown on right.</p

Maximun-likelihood phylogenetic tree constructed from 1,212 single-copy core genes and divergence time estimation using r8s analysis.

<p>A, B and C are calibration points, divergence times are shown in million years, the ranges were calculated based on estimations with different combinations of smoothing factors and calibration schemes (see Table C in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196303#pone.0196303.s009" target="_blank">S2 File</a> for detail).</p

PFAM domains contained by <i>Colletotrichum</i> small secreted proteins which lack significant BlasP hit (e-value cut-off 1E-05, query coverage > 50%) outside the genus.

<p>PFAM domains contained by <i>Colletotrichum</i> small secreted proteins which lack significant BlasP hit (e-value cut-off 1E-05, query coverage > 50%) outside the genus.</p

Pathogenic adaptations of <i>Colletotrichum</i> fungi revealed by genome wide gene family evolutionary analyses

<div><p>The fungal genus <i>Colletotrichum</i> contains hemibiotrophic phytopathogens being highly variable in host and tissue specificities. We sequenced a <i>C</i>. <i>fructicola</i> genome (1104–7) derived from an isolate of apple in China and compared it with the reference genome (Nara_gc5) derived from an isolate of strawberry in Japan. Mauve alignment and BlastN search identified 0.62 Mb lineage-specific (LS) genomic regions in 1104–7 with a length criterion of 10 kb. Genes located within LS regions evolved more dynamically, and a strongly elevated proportion of genes were closely related to non-<i>Colletotrichum</i> sequences. Two LS regions, containing nine genes in total, showed features of fungus-to-fungus horizontal transfer supported by both gene order collinearity and gene phylogeny patterns. We further compared the gene content variations among 13 <i>Colletotrichum</i> and 11 non-<i>Colletotrichum</i> genomes by gene function annotation, OrthoMCL grouping and CAFE analysis. The results provided a global evolutionary picture of <i>Colletotrichum</i> gene families, and identified a number of strong duplication/loss events at key phylogenetic nodes, such as the contraction of the detoxification-related RTA1 family in the monocot-specializing graminicola complex and the expansions of several ammonia production-related families in the fruit-infecting gloeosporioides complex. We have also identified the acquirement of a RbsD/FucU fucose transporter from bacterium by the <i>Colletotrichum</i> ancestor. In sum, this study summarized the pathogenic evolutionary features of <i>Colletotrichum</i> fungi at multiple taxonomic levels and highlights the concept that the pathogenic successes of <i>Colletotrichum</i> fungi require shared as well as lineage-specific virulence factors.</p></div

Top enriched PFAM domains in OrthoMCL-defined isolate-specific genes in <i>C</i>. <i>fructicola</i> 1104–7 and Nara-gc5.

<p>Top enriched PFAM domains in OrthoMCL-defined isolate-specific genes in <i>C</i>. <i>fructicola</i> 1104–7 and Nara-gc5.</p

A summary representation of the important evolutionary events of <i>Colletotrichum</i> gene families.

<p>A summary representation of the important evolutionary events of <i>Colletotrichum</i> gene families.</p