Real Time Planning Algorithm of Automatic Train Driving Based on Global Optimization

Objective The existing target speed planning algorithm for the automatic driving of urban rail transit train cannot handle in real time the temporary change of the line speed limit in case of emergency due to the large computational load and long computation time. With regard to the problem, a real-time target speed planning algorithm based on global optimization is proposed to generate the speed planning curve in real time. Method Based on the conditions of train current position, current speed and speed limit of the forward line, the speed planning curve is firstly generated in the shortest time through point by point calculation. Then the traction and braking levels are being adjusted to keep the train running at uniform acceleration or deceleration, optimizing the comfort index of the train running. Next, the cruising speed in the maximum speed limit section is adjusted to reduce unnecessary traction and braking time, optimizing the energy consumption index of the train running. Finally, the train speed planning curve is output. Result & Conclusion The simulation results show that the real-time speed planning curve generated by the proposed algorithm satisfies the basic constraints of safety, punctuality and accurate parking. Compared with the traditional algorithm, it improves the comfort level and reduces the energy consumption during train operation. Meanwhile, the proposed algorithm can effectively handle the temporary change of the line speed limit in emergency and optimize several operation indicators

Biomechanical responses of the cornea after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) refractive surgery based on a finite element model of the human eye

Purpose: To investigate the biomechanical responses of the human cornea after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) procedures, especially their effects of SMILE surgery on stress and strain. Methods: Based on finite element analysis, a three-dimensional (3D) model of the human eye was established to simulate SMILE refractive surgery procedures. Stress and strain values were calculated by inputting the intraocular pressure (IOP). Results: After SMILE refractive surgery procedures, the stress and strain of the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces were significantly increased. The equivalent stress and strain on the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces increased with increasing diopter and were concentrated in the central area, whereas the values of stress and strain at the incision site on the anterior surface of the cornea were approximately 0. Compared with the anterior corneal surface, the stress and strain of the posterior surface were larger. Increasing IOP caused an approximately linear change in stress and a nonlinear increase in corneal strain. In addition, we found that the incision sizes and direction had less of an influence on stress and strain. In summary, SMILE surgery increased the equivalent stress and strain on the human cornea. Conclusions: The equivalent stress and strain of the anterior and posterior human corneal surfaces increased after SMILE refractive surgery; these increases were particularly noticeable on the posterior surface of the cornea

A Fault-Tolerant Control Strategy of Modular Multilevel Converter with Sub-Module Faults Based on Neutral Point Compound Shift

In view of the complex calculation and limited fault tolerance capability of existing neutral point shift control algorithms, this paper studies the fault-tolerant control method for sub-module faults in modular multilevel converters on the basis of neutral point compound shift control strategy. In order to reduce the calculation complexity of shift parameters in the traditional strategy and simplify its implementation, an improved AC side phase voltage vector reconstruction method is proposed, achieving online real-time calculation of the modulation wave adjustment parameters of each phase required for fault-tolerant control. Based on this, a neutral point DC side shift control method is proposed to further improve the fault tolerance capability of the modular multilevel converter (MMC) system by compensating the fault phase voltage with non-fault phase voltage. By means of the compound shift control strategy of the DC side and AC side of the neutral point, an optimal neutral point position is selected to ensure that the MMC system output line voltage is symmetrical and the amplitude is as large as possible after fault-tolerant control. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control strategy are verified by simulation and low-power MMC experimental system testing

Mussel-inspired self-assembly platform for staged implant osseointegration: Combining early anti-infection and late osteoinduction

Current implant systems still lack the ability to combat implant-associated infections (IAI) and insufficient osseointegration to reduce the risk of implant failure. There’s an urgent need to develop an effective implant modification method to match the needs of different biological stages post-implantation, which requires anti-infection at the initial stage and osseointegration at the latter long-term stage. Here, we constructed a mussel-inspired layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly implant modification platform via tannic acid (TA), sequentially anchoring osteoanabolic drug (Abaloparatide, ABL) and antibacterial (Dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate, DMAHDM) to the Titanium (Ti) surface (Ti/ABL/DMAHDM). The Ti/ABL/DMAHDM exhibited outstanding antibacterial properties at the initial stage with an antibacterial rate of 100 % both in vitro (24 h) and in vivo (48 h). Moreover, it showed significant osteogenic induction ability at the latter long-term stage both in vitro (7 days and 14 days) and in vivo (4 weeks), accompanied by good biocompatibility. This TA-mediated self-assembly modification implants platform with staged regulation of anti-infection and osteoinduction offers potential clinical prospects for improving osseointegration after implantation

Acenaphthoimidazolylidene Gold Complex-Catalyzed Alkylsulfonylation of Boronic Acids by Potassium Metabisulfite and Alkyl Halides: A Direct and Robust Protocol To Access Sulfones

A robust acenaphthoimidazolylidene gold complex is demonstrated as a highly efficient catalyst in the direct alkylsulfonylation of boronic acids. Remarkably, a wide range of highly reactive and unreactive C-electrophiles were well-tolerated to produce various (hetero)­aryl-alkyl, aryl-alkenyl, and alkenyl-alkyl sulfones in satisfactory yields with 5 mol % catalyst loading. Along with the steric properties of NHC ligands, the high catalytic activity of this gold complex suggests that the strong σ-donation of acenaphthoimidazolylidene also played a role in promoting this challenging redox-neutral catalytic process

Long-term treatment with Perampanel of Chinese patients with focal-onset seizures, especially in sleep-related epilepsy: a prospective real-world observational study

BackgroundThere is currently a lack of studies examining the long-term therapeutic effectiveness of the third-generation anti-sezure medication, perampanel (PER), for focal-onset seizures (FOS), particularly in Chinese patients with sleep-related epilepsy (SRE). Additionally, the appropriate dosage, plasma concentration, and the relationship between dose and plasma concentration of PER in Chinese patients are still uncertain.MethodsA prospective, single-center, 24-month observational study was conducted in patients diagnosed with FOS, with a focus on patients with SRE. Changes in seizure frequency from baseline, adverse events, and retention rates were analyzed at 12 and 24 months following the start of the treatment. Tolerability was evaluated based on adverse events and discontinuation profiles. PER plasma concentrations were used to assess dose-concentration-response relationships.ResultsA total of 175 patients were included (median age: 25 years; range: 4–72 years; 53. 1% males and 46.9% females), with the SRE population accounting for 49. 1% (n = 86). The patients diagnosed with SRE showed considerably higher response rates than those who did not have this diagnosis (p = 0.025, odds ratio = 3.8). Additionally, the SRE group adhered better to PER treatment (r = 0.0009). Patients with a shorter duration of epilepsy (median: 3 years; range:2–7 years) demonstrated a more favorable therapeutic response to PER (p = 0.032). Throughout the administration of maintenance doses, among the entire FOS population, the concentration of PER (C0) ranged between 101.5 and 917.4 ng/mL (median, 232.0 ng/mL), and the mean plasma concentration of PER in the responders was 292.8 ng/mL. We revealed a linear relationship between PER dose and plasma concentration, regardless of whether PER was used as monotherapy or add-on therapy. The retention rates were 77.7% and 65. 1% at 12 and 24 months, respectively. Drug-related adverse events occurred in 45.0% of the patients and were mostly manageable.ConclusionPER effectively reduced seizure frequency in Chinese patients with FOS, particularly in those with SRE, over a 24-month period. The treatment was well-tolerated and had a clear linear dose-plasma concentration relationship

Image_1_Long-term treatment with Perampanel of Chinese patients with focal-onset seizures, especially in sleep-related epilepsy: a prospective real-world observational study.TIF

BackgroundThere is currently a lack of studies examining the long-term therapeutic effectiveness of the third-generation anti-sezure medication, perampanel (PER), for focal-onset seizures (FOS), particularly in Chinese patients with sleep-related epilepsy (SRE). Additionally, the appropriate dosage, plasma concentration, and the relationship between dose and plasma concentration of PER in Chinese patients are still uncertain.MethodsA prospective, single-center, 24-month observational study was conducted in patients diagnosed with FOS, with a focus on patients with SRE. Changes in seizure frequency from baseline, adverse events, and retention rates were analyzed at 12 and 24 months following the start of the treatment. Tolerability was evaluated based on adverse events and discontinuation profiles. PER plasma concentrations were used to assess dose-concentration-response relationships.ResultsA total of 175 patients were included (median age: 25 years; range: 4–72 years; 53. 1% males and 46.9% females), with the SRE population accounting for 49. 1% (n = 86). The patients diagnosed with SRE showed considerably higher response rates than those who did not have this diagnosis (p = 0.025, odds ratio = 3.8). Additionally, the SRE group adhered better to PER treatment (r = 0.0009). Patients with a shorter duration of epilepsy (median: 3 years; range:2–7 years) demonstrated a more favorable therapeutic response to PER (p = 0.032). Throughout the administration of maintenance doses, among the entire FOS population, the concentration of PER (C0) ranged between 101.5 and 917.4 ng/mL (median, 232.0 ng/mL), and the mean plasma concentration of PER in the responders was 292.8 ng/mL. We revealed a linear relationship between PER dose and plasma concentration, regardless of whether PER was used as monotherapy or add-on therapy. The retention rates were 77.7% and 65. 1% at 12 and 24 months, respectively. Drug-related adverse events occurred in 45.0% of the patients and were mostly manageable.ConclusionPER effectively reduced seizure frequency in Chinese patients with FOS, particularly in those with SRE, over a 24-month period. The treatment was well-tolerated and had a clear linear dose-plasma concentration relationship.</p