Penerapan Metode Eksperimen untuk Meningkatkan Konsep Dasar Sains pada Anak Didik Kelompok A Tk Pkk Suruhwadang Kecamatan Kademangan Kabupaten Blitar

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh tentang kemampuan kognitif anak dalamhal konsep dasar sains dengan menggunakan metode eksperimen pada anak didik kelompokA TK PKK Suruhwadang sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan tindakan. Melakukan tindakanberupa penerapan metode eksperimen untuk meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif dalamkonsep dasar sains pada anak didik kelompok A TK PKK Suruhwadang. Mengetahui adatidaknya perbedaan kemampuan konsep dasar sains dengan menggunakan metodeeksperimen pada anak didik kelompok A TK PKK Suruhwadang antara sebelum dan setelahdilakukan tindakan. Rumusan masalah pada penitilian ini adalah apakah metode eksperimendapat meningkatkan kemampuan pemahaman konsep dasar sains pada anak didik kelompokA TK PKK Suruhwadang Kecamatan Kademangan Kabupaten Blitar. Untuk menjawabrumusan masalah digunakan jenis penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) dengan model Kemmisdan Taggart melalui empat tahapan yaitu tahap perencanaan , pelaksanaan, observasi danrefleksiyang dilalui dengan dua siklus. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknikobservasi dan dokumentasi. Adapun instrumen yang digunakan adalah lembar observasikegiatan anak dan lembar observasi pembelajaran oleh guru.Hasil penelitian menunjukanbahwa kemampuan kognitif anak kelompok A pada konsep dasar sain pada pra penelitianmenunjukkan prosentase 56.25%. Setelah pelaksanaan siklus I tentang bidang kemampuankognitif pada konsep dasar sains menunjukkan 59% mengalami peningkatan .Setelahpelaksanaan siklus ke II naik menjadi 83%. Hal ini menunjukkan pelaksanaan siklus ke IItelah mencapai kriteria ketuntasan dan membuktikan bahwa dengan metode eksperimendapat meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif dalam konsep dasar sains

Photosynthesis-fermentation hybrid system to produce lipid feedstock for algal biofuel

<div><p>To avoid bacterial contamination due to medium replacement in the expanded application of a photosynthesis–fermentation model, an integrated photosynthesis-fermentation hybrid system was set up and evaluated for algal lipid production using <i>Chlorella protothecoides</i>. In this system, the CO₂-rich off-gas from the fermentation process was recycled to agitate medium in the photobioreactor, which could provide initial cells for the heterotrophic fermentation. The cell concentration reached 1.03±0.07 g/L during photoautotrophic growth and then the concentrated green cells were switched to heterotrophic fermentation after removing over 99.5% of nitrogen in the medium by a nitrogen removal device. At the end of fermentation in the system, the cell concentration could reach as high as 100.51±2.03 g/L, and 60.05±1.38% lipid content was achieved simultaneously. The lipid yield (60.36±2.63 g/L) in the hybrid system was over 700 times higher than that in a photobioreactor and exceeded that by fermentation alone (47.56±7.31 g/L). The developed photosynthesis-fermentation hybrid system in this study was not only a feasible option to enhance microalgal lipid production, but also an environment-friendly approach to produce biofuel feedstock through concurrent utilization of ammonia nitrogen, CO₂, and organic carbons.</p> </div

Knocking out <i>ZmXLGs</i> enhanced <i>ct2</i> phenotypes.

<p>Knocking out <i>ZmXLGs</i> in a <i>ct2</i> mutant background enhanced the dwarf phenotype <b>(A and B)</b> and increased SAM size <b>(C and D)</b>. Scale bars represent 10 cm <b>(A)</b> and 100 μm <b>(C</b>), respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by the LSD test. ** means <i>p</i>-value < 0.01, *** means <i>p</i>-value < 0.001. The raw values are shown in <b>(B and D)</b>, the horizontal black lines indicate the means, and the error bars represent 95% confidence intervals; for <b>(B)</b> n = 31, 6, 18, and 7, respectively; for <b>(D)</b> n = 25, 8, 7, and 8, respectively.</p

Species analyzed in this study.

<p>Na, not present.</p

Phylogenetic tree of ATG8 proteins.

<p>ATG8 from <i>M. brevicollis</i> is used as outgroups. The phylogenetic tree was constructed as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0041826#s4" target="_blank">Methods</a> section (1000 bootstrap replicates). Protein accession numbers and the strain names are as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0041826#pone-0041826-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0041826#pone-0041826-t004" target="_blank">Table 4</a>, respectively.</p

Distribution of ATG proteins and domains in microalgae and <i>M. brevicollis</i>: Other ATG proteins pexophagy.

<p>Na, not present or not identifiable; numbers indicate GenBank DNA accession numbers.</p

Expression of <i>CT2</i>^<i>CA</i><i>-mTFP1</i> partially complemented the vegetative growth of <i>ct2</i> mutants.

<p><b>(A)</b> The <i>CT2</i>^<i>CA</i><i>-mTFP1</i> construct in a native context of the <i>CT2</i> genomic region. <b>(B)</b> CT2^CA-mTFP1 was co-localized with FM4-64 on the plasma membrane, scale bar = 50 μm. Expression of <i>CT2</i>^<i>CA</i><i>-mTFP1</i> partially complemented the <i>ct2</i> dwarf phenotype <b>(C and F)</b>, the leaf length phenotype <b>(D and G)</b>, and the enlarged SAM size phenotype <b>(E and H)</b>, scale bar = 100 μm. NT, non-transgenic control. The raw values are shown in <b>(F-H)</b>, the horizontal black lines indicate the means, and the error bars represent 95% confidence intervals; for (<b>F and G</b>) n = 21, 28, 20, and 24, respectively; for (<b>H</b>) n = 20, 27, 18, and 20, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by the LSD test. The groups containing the same letter are not significantly different at the <i>p</i>-value of 0.05.</p

Expression of <i>CT2</i>^<i>CA</i><i>-mTFP1</i> enhanced agronomic traits.

<p>Expression of <i>CT2</i>^<i>CA</i><i>-mTFP1</i> in a <i>ct2</i> mutant background increased spikelet density (<b>A and B</b>), KRN <b>(C and D),</b> and ear inflorescence meristem (IM) size <b>(E and F)</b>. Expression of <i>CT2</i>^<i>CA</i><i>-mTFP1</i> in a <i>ct2</i> mutant background also significantly reduced the leaf angle <b>(G and H)</b>. The raw values are shown in <b>(B, D, F, H</b>), the horizontal black lines indicate the means, and the error bars represent 95% confidence intervals; for <b>(B)</b> n = 15, 27, 14, and 29, respectively; for <b>(D)</b> n = 7, 26, 13, and 28, respectively; for <b>(F)</b> n = 6, 7, 14, and 8, respectively; for <b>(H)</b> n = 11, 10, 16, and 14, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by the LSD test. The groups containing the same letter were not significantly different at the <i>p</i>-value of 0.05. NT, non-transgenic control.</p

Knocking out <i>ZmXLGs</i> led to developmental phenotypes.

<p><b>(A)</b> Generating lesions for <i>ZmXLGs</i> using CRISPR-Cas9. Red lines indicate the position of guide RNAs. 5’ and 3’-UTRs indicated in purple, exons indicated green, introns indicated by lines, and Gα domains are shaded. <b>(B)</b> <i>Zmxlg1;3a;b</i> triple mutants were lethal at the seedling stage. Scale bar = 5 cm. <b>(C and D)</b> Knocking out <i>ZmXLGs</i> reduced plant height, scale bar = 10 cm. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by the LSD test. ** means <i>p</i>-value < 0.01. The raw values are shown in <b>(D)</b>, the horizontal black lines indicate the means, and the error bars represent 95% confidence intervals; n = 29, 19, 33, and 12, respectively.</p

Distribution of ATG proteins and domains in microalgae and <i>M. brevicollis</i>: ATG proteins involved in PI3K complex.

<p>Na, not present or not identifiable; numbers indicate GenBank DNA accession numbers.</p