Application of Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment

Because the current social water pollution is serious, and the conventional method cannot eff ectively manage alltypes of water pollution, and its single eff ect cannot be satisfactory, we must seek new and eff ective treatment. Thepaper is a comprehensive review of the best practices of the conventional wastewater treatment method with referenceto the experiments and research results of nanotechnology in sewage treatment. Comparison of nanotechnology canbe compared with conventional methods to make the particles have a special function, and some special performancejust in the sewage treatment medium to a good effect: the depth of the catalytic method can be effective in thedecomposition of many types of organic pollutants such as halogenated hydrocarbons Class, chlorinated phenols,cyanide, various organic acids and can handle metal particles; adsorption method for the water heavy metal pollutiontreatment costs less, simple and widely used, nanofi ltration membrane can replace the adsorption and electrochemicalmethods, Pulping and precipitation are one of the most eff ective methods for the treatment of colloidal wastewater. Itcan eff ectively reduce the turbidity and chroma of waste water, remove a variety of macromolecular organic matter andsome heavy metal ions ( Mercury and lead); organic / inorganic composite nanoparticles with its excellent inorganicmaterials, light, electricity, magnetic and other properties, organic materials, excellent processing performance,biocompatibility, for many diffi cult to deal with water pollution control, which has a corresponding method, can besimple and eff ective to solve the problem. The application of nanotechnology in water treatment has shown a broadprospect, but needs further research and improvement

Crystal structure of rhodopsin bound to arrestin by femtosecond X-ray laser.

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signal primarily through G proteins or arrestins. Arrestin binding to GPCRs blocks G protein interaction and redirects signalling to numerous G-protein-independent pathways. Here we report the crystal structure of a constitutively active form of human rhodopsin bound to a pre-activated form of the mouse visual arrestin, determined by serial femtosecond X-ray laser crystallography. Together with extensive biochemical and mutagenesis data, the structure reveals an overall architecture of the rhodopsin-arrestin assembly in which rhodopsin uses distinct structural elements, including transmembrane helix 7 and helix 8, to recruit arrestin. Correspondingly, arrestin adopts the pre-activated conformation, with a ∼20° rotation between the amino and carboxy domains, which opens up a cleft in arrestin to accommodate a short helix formed by the second intracellular loop of rhodopsin. This structure provides a basis for understanding GPCR-mediated arrestin-biased signalling and demonstrates the power of X-ray lasers for advancing the frontiers of structural biology

Interstitial nitrogen-induced efficiency alcohol oxidation over heterogeneous N–CoMn2O4 catalyst under visible-light

Developing highly efficient and recyclable photocatalysts through harvesting solar light as energy is crucial to oxidation for industrial implementation, especially for simple transition metal oxidic catalysts without precious/heavy/rare metal dopants. Herein, we like to report the use of nitrogen-doped CoMn2O4 oxide (N–CoMn2O4) as a heterogeneous catalyst for efficient oxidation of various alcohols such as p/m/o-methyl-substituted aromatic alcohols, p-substituted aromatic alcohols including electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents, heterocycle-based alcohols and secondary aromatic alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes/ketones, under visible light (>420 ​nm) illumination and mild condition of oxygen as oxidant and room temperature. The relation of various Co-based oxides to their catalytic performance was studied. It is shown that the Co2+ species in N–CoMn2O4, obviously increased by the doping of nitrogen, are acted as catalytic active species coupled with the synergistic effect between Co and Mn species for the enhanced visible-light selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. A plausible catalytic mechanism is proposed basis of control experiments and published studies, which suggests that this oxidation process probably occurs on Co2+ sites via an ionic reactive oxygen species pathway and 1O2 and O2·− species are the reactive oxygen species. This simple transition metal oxide-catalyzed aerobic oxidation provides a green alternative for the manufacture of aldehydes/ketones from alcohols

Oil/Water Separation Performances of Superhydrophobic and Superoleophilic Sponges

Superhydrophobic and superoleophilic sponges were fabricated by immersion in an ethanol solution of octadecyltrichlorosilane. The resulting coating strongly adheres to the sponges after curing at 45 °C for 24 h. Absorption capacities of 42–68 times the polymerized octadecylsiloxane sponge weight were obtained for toluene, light petroleum, and methylsilicone oil. These adsorption capacities were maintained after 50 cycles

Imaging Dose-dependent Pharmacokinetics of an RGD-Fluorescent Dye Conjugate Targeted to αβ Receptor Expressed in Kaposi's Sarcoma

Dynamic fluorescence images were obtained from xenografts bearing a subcutaneous human Kaposi's sarcoma (KS1767) immediately following the intravenous injection of an integrin-receptor targeting Cy5.5-c(KRGDf) at a dose ranging from 0.75 to 6 nmol/mouse. The fluorescence images were acquired using an intensified charge-coupled device system and were analyzed with a three-compartment pharmacokinetic (PK) model to determine uptake parameters in the tumor and normal tissue regions of interest as a function of administered dose. Our results show that the uptake of Cy5.5-c(KRGDf) in tumor regions were: (i) significantly greater than the contralateral normal tissue regions; (ii) linearly increased with dose of Cy5.5-c(KRGDf) up to 1.5 nmol/mouse; and (iii) blocked by preinjection of c(KRGDf). Above doses of 1.5 nmol/mouse, the uptake no longer increased with dose, suggesting integrin receptor saturation. In normal tissues, the PK uptake parameters were not influenced by Cy5.5-c(KRGDf) dose nor by the preadministration of c(KRGDf)

Sb-Containing Metal Oxide Catalysts for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3

Sb-containing catalysts (SbZrOx (SbZr), SbCeOx (SbCe), SbCeZrOx (SbCeZr)) were prepared by citric acid method and investigated for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3 (NH3-SCR). SbCeZr outperformed SbZr and SbCe and exhibited the highest activity with 80% NO conversion in the temperature window of 202–422 °C. Meanwhile, it also had good thermal stability and resistance against H2O and SO2. Various characterization methods, such as XRD, XPS, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD, and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT), were applied to understand their different behavior in NOx removal. The presence of Sb in the metal oxides led to the difference in acid distribution and redox property, which closely related with the NH3 adsorption and NO oxidation. Brønsted acid and Lewis acid were evenly distributed on SbCe, while Brønsted acid dominated on SbCeZr. Compared with Brønsted acid, Lewis acid was slightly active in NH3-SCR. The competition between NH3 adsorption and NO oxidation was dependent on SbOx and metal oxides, which were found on SbCe while not on SbCeZr

Hybrid Additive Manufacturing of Fused Filament Fabrication and Ultrasonic Consolidation

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) additive manufacturing technology has the advantages of being low cost, having a simple operation, using wide types of molding materials, and producing less pollution during the printing process. However, the mechanical properties of the molded sample are unsatisfactory due to the limited bonding force between the filaments during the forming process, which limits its further development and application in the engineering field. Herein, the hybrid additive manufacturing technology for heterogeneous materials based on the ultrasonic-assisted enhanced fused filament fabrication technology was proposed. The mechanism of ultrasonic vibration on the strengthening of FFF samples was explored. The influence mechanisms of bonding time and ultrasonic strengthening times, ultrasonic strengthening and static load compression on the strengthening of mechanical properties of the sample were investigated. The effects of the thickness and printing angle of the FFF samples on the ultrasonic-enhanced mechanical properties were explored. The tensile strength of the one-time ultrasonic-strengthened sample is up to 43.43 MPa, which is 16.12% higher than that of the original. The maximum bending strength of the four-time ultrasonic-strengthened sample is 73.38 MPa, which is 78.98% higher than that of the original. Ultrasonic strengthening not only re-fused the pores inside the sample, but also improved the bond strength between the rasters. With the increase in the thickness of the sample, the increase rate of ultrasonic to the strength of the sample decreased significantly. The effects of ultrasound on the interlayer adhesion of samples with various printing angles were different. Based on the systematic research on the influence mechanism of ultrasonic process parameters and molding process parameters on the strengthening of FFF, a molding method for additively manufacturing heterogeneous material parts while strengthening the mechanical properties of FFF samples was proposed, and the influence mechanisms of the molding process on the mechanical properties and shape memory properties of the sample were explored, which can broaden the application of FFF technology in the engineering field

Near-Infrared Optical Imaging of Integrin αβ in Human Tumor Xenografts

In vivo optical imaging is potentially useful for evaluating the presence of tumor markers that are targets of molecular medicine. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of integrin αvβ3-targeted peptide cyclo(Lys–Arg–Gly–Asp–Phe) [c(KRGDf)] labeled with fluorescence dyes with wavelength spanning from the visible/near infrared (Cy5.5) to the true near infrared (IRDye800) for optical imaging. In vitro, the peptide–dye conjugates bound specifically to tumor cells expressing αvβ3. When administered intravenously into mice at a dose of 6 nmol/mouse, the conjugates accumulated in tumors expressing αvβ3. The tumor-to-background ratios for human KS1767 Kaposi's sarcoma in mice injected with Cy5.5–c(KRGDf) and Cy5.5 were 5.5 and 1.5, respectively. Preinjection of c(KRGDf) blocked the uptake of Cy5.5–c(KRGDf) in tumors by 89%. In αvβ3-positive M21 and αvβ3-negative M21-L human melanoma, fluorescence intensity in the tumor of mice injected with IRDye800–c(KRGDf) was 2.3 and 1.3 times that in normal tissue, respectively. Dynamic imaging revealed that Cy5.5–c(KRGDf) was rapidly taken up by KS1767 tumor immediately after bolus injection. The rate of its uptake in the tumor was reduced by preinjection of c(KRGDf) in an interval time-dependent manner. Our data suggest that near-infrared fluorescence imaging may be applied to the detection of tumors expressing integrin αvβ3 and to the assessment of the optimal biological dose and schedule of targeted therapies

Near-Infrared Optical Imaging of Integrin α v

In vivo optical imaging is potentially useful for evaluating the presence of tumor markers that are targets of molecular medicine. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of integrin αvβ3-targeted peptide cyclo(Lys–Arg–Gly–Asp–Phe) [c(KRGDf)] labeled with fluorescence dyes with wavelength spanning from the visible/near infrared (Cy5.5) to the true near infrared (IRDye800) for optical imaging. In vitro, the peptide–dye conjugates bound specifically to tumor cells expressing αvβ3. When administered intravenously into mice at a dose of 6 nmol/mouse, the conjugates accumulated in tumors expressing αvβ3. The tumor-to-background ratios for human KS1767 Kaposi's sarcoma in mice injected with Cy5.5–c(KRGDf) and Cy5.5 were 5.5 and 1.5, respectively. Preinjection of c(KRGDf) blocked the uptake of Cy5.5–c(KRGDf) in tumors by 89%. In αvβ3-positive M21 and αvβ3-negative M21-L human melanoma, fluorescence intensity in the tumor of mice injected with IRDye800–c(KRGDf) was 2.3 and 1.3 times that in normal tissue, respectively. Dynamic imaging revealed that Cy5.5–c(KRGDf) was rapidly taken up by KS1767 tumor immediately after bolus injection. The rate of its uptake in the tumor was reduced by preinjection of c(KRGDf) in an interval time-dependent manner. Our data suggest that near-infrared fluorescence imaging may be applied to the detection of tumors expressing integrin αvβ3 and to the assessment of the optimal biological dose and schedule of targeted therapies