The gap in injury mortality rates between urban and rural residents of Hubei province, China

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Injury is a growing public health concern in China. Injury death rates are often higher in rural areas than in urban areas in general. The objective of this study is to compare the injury mortality rates in urban and rural residents in Hubei Province in central China by age, sex and mechanism of injury.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Using data from the Disease Surveillance Points (DSP) system maintained by the Hubei Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 2006 to 2008, injury deaths were classified according to the International Classification of Disease-10^thRevision (ICD-10). Crude and age-adjusted annual mortality rates were calculated for rural and urban residents of Hubei Province.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The crude and age-adjusted injury death rates were significantly higher for rural residents than for urban residents (crude rate ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.8-2.0; adjusted rate ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.3-2.4). The age-adjusted injury death rate for males was 81.6/100,000 in rural areas compared with 37.0/100 000 in urban areas; for females, the respective rates were 57.9/100,000 and 22.4/100 000. Death rates for suicide (32.4 per 100 000 vs 3.9 per 100 000), traffic-related injuries (15.8 per 100 000 vs 9.5 per 100 000), drowning (6.9 per 100 000 vs 2.3 per 100 000) and crushing injuries (2.0 per 100 000 vs 0.7 per 100 000) were significantly higher in rural areas. Overall injury death rates were much higher in persons over 65 years, with significantly higher rates in rural residents compared with urban residents for suicide (279.8 per 100 000 vs 10.7 per 100 000), traffic-related injuries, and drownings in this age group. Death rates for falls, poisoning, and suffocation were similar in the two geographic groups.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Rates of suicide, traffic-related injury deaths and drownings are demonstrably higher in rural compared with urban locations and should be targeted for injury prevention activity. There is a need for injury prevention policies targeted at elderly residents, especially with regard to suicide prevention in rural areas in Central China.</p

Dynamic Mechanics and Energy Dissipation of Saturated Layered Phyllite

This paper is a study of the dynamic mechanics and energy dissipation of saturated layered phyllite. Using the Split-Hopkinson pressure bar system, the mechanical properties and energy dissipation law of the sample during dynamic loading in the test were analyzed. The results show that the weakening effect of water on the phyllite rock body will have a great impact on its mechanical properties, strain rate sensitivity damage mode, and fracture energy dissipation. The values of mechanical parameters such as the modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of the specimens in the test varied with the dip angle of the layer with 0&deg; &gt; 90&deg; &gt; 30&deg; &gt; 60&deg;, and the mechanical parameters of the specimens in the saturated state were smaller than those of the dry specimens. The damage of the sample is mainly in the form of crushing damage at 0&deg; dip angle, shear damage along the laminar surface at 30&deg; and 60&deg;, and destabilization damage of the compression bar at 90&deg; dip angle, with higher fragmentation of the sample in the saturated state. The energy dissipation densities of different inclination samples in the saturated state of schist are greater than those in the dry state, with the highest energy dissipation density in the 0&deg; inclination sample and the lowest in the 90&deg; inclination sample. Both the mean strain rate and compressive strength of the samples showed a multiplicative power relationship with the crushing energy dissipation density of the samples, showing a strong strain rate correlation. These results indicate that the use of rock crushing energy dissipation density can better reflect the strength characteristics of phyllite samples under dynamic loading

Instability failure criterion of debris landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area based on the sliding zone integrity index

The stability evaluation of landslide is one of the key issues in the field of landslide prevention and control. The research on the landslide failure criterion can provide the support for the stability evaluation of landslides. In order to enhance the accuracy of landslide stability evaluation, the landslide failure criterion based on the monitoring data of deep displacement is an effective approach. Therefore, based on the deep displacement monitoring data of landslide, the sliding zone integrity index is introduced, and a directly proportional relationship between the integrity index of the sliding zone and the shear strength parameters of the landslide is deduced. By using the calculation method of landslide stability and the simplified model of debris landslide, a directly proportional relationship between the integrity index of the sliding zone and the stability coefficient of the landslide can be obtained. The instability failure criterion of the debris landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area considering the integrity index of the sliding zone is established accordingly. In the case of the integrity index of the sliding zone is greater than the critical value, the landslide is in a stable state. Otherwise, in the case of the integrity index of the sliding zone is less than the critical value, the landslide is unstable. A typical debris landslide e.g. Wuchiba landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area is analyzed in detailed as an example.It is found that the failure criterion is reliable and applicable for the Wuchiba landslide. The results show that the failure criterion of slip zone integrity index can be used to evaluate the stability of landslide, which can provide a new approach for the study of landslide failure criterion

Dynamic Mechanics and Energy Dissipation of Saturated Layered Phyllite

This paper is a study of the dynamic mechanics and energy dissipation of saturated layered phyllite. Using the Split-Hopkinson pressure bar system, the mechanical properties and energy dissipation law of the sample during dynamic loading in the test were analyzed. The results show that the weakening effect of water on the phyllite rock body will have a great impact on its mechanical properties, strain rate sensitivity damage mode, and fracture energy dissipation. The values of mechanical parameters such as the modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of the specimens in the test varied with the dip angle of the layer with 0° > 90° > 30° > 60°, and the mechanical parameters of the specimens in the saturated state were smaller than those of the dry specimens. The damage of the sample is mainly in the form of crushing damage at 0° dip angle, shear damage along the laminar surface at 30° and 60°, and destabilization damage of the compression bar at 90° dip angle, with higher fragmentation of the sample in the saturated state. The energy dissipation densities of different inclination samples in the saturated state of schist are greater than those in the dry state, with the highest energy dissipation density in the 0° inclination sample and the lowest in the 90° inclination sample. Both the mean strain rate and compressive strength of the samples showed a multiplicative power relationship with the crushing energy dissipation density of the samples, showing a strong strain rate correlation. These results indicate that the use of rock crushing energy dissipation density can better reflect the strength characteristics of phyllite samples under dynamic loading

The Application of Self-Healing Microcapsule Technology in the Field of Cement-Based Materials: A Review and Prospect

This review provides an overview of microcapsule self-healing technology and its application in the field of cement-based materials, as well as future prospects. The presence of cracks and damage in cement-based structures during service has a significant impact on their lifespan and safety performance. Microcapsule self-healing technology shows promise in achieving self-healing by encapsulating healing agents within microcapsules, which are released upon damage to the cement-based material. The review starts by explaining the fundamental principles of microcapsule self-healing technology and explores various methods for preparing and characterizing microcapsules. It also investigates the influence of incorporating microcapsules on the initial properties of cement-based materials. Additionally, the self-healing mechanisms and effectiveness of microcapsules are summarized. Finally, the review discusses the future development directions for microcapsule self-healing technology, outlining potential areas for further research and advancement

Swelling evolution mechanism for argillaceous slate in a hydrochemical environment

Supplementary tables and figures

Swelling evolution mechanism for argillaceous slate in a hydrochemical environment

Supplementary tables and figures