64 research outputs found
Growing out of poverty: trends and patterns of urban poverty in China 1988–2002
This paper estimates trends in absolute poverty in urban China from 1988 to 2002 using the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) surveys. Poverty incidence curves are plotted, showing that poverty has fallen markedly during the period regardless of the exact location of the poverty line. Income inequality rose from 1988 to 1995 but has been fairly constant thereafter. Models of the determination of income and poverty reveal widening differentials by education, sex and party membership. Income from government anti-poverty programs has little impact on poverty, which has fallen almost entirely due to overall economic growth rather than redistribution.poverty, inequality, economic growth, welfare, public policy, China
Growing out of Poverty: Trends and Patterns of Urban Poverty in China 1988–2002
This paper estimates trends in absolute poverty in urban China from 1988 to 2002 using the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) surveys. Poverty incidence curves are plotted, showing that poverty has fallen markedly during the period regardless of the exact location of the poverty line. Income inequality rose from 1988 to 1995 but has been fairly constant thereafter. Models of the determination of income and poverty reveal widening differentials by education, sex and party membership. Income from government anti-poverty programs has little impact on poverty, which has fallen almost entirely due to overall economic growth rather than redistribution.poverty, inequality, economic growth, welfare, public policy, China
The economics of Communist Party membership - The Curious case of rising numbers and wage premium during China’s transition
Why is it that, as the Chinese Communist Party has loosened its grip, abandoned its core beliefs, and marketized the economy, its membership has risen markedly along with the economic benefits of joining? We use three national household surveys, spanning eleven years, to answer this question with respect to labour market rewards in urban China. We conceptualize individual demand for Party membership as an investment in “political capital” that brings monetary rewards in terms of higher wages. This wage premium has risen with the growing wage differentials associated with the emergence of a labour market and the continuing value of political status in the semi-marketized transitional economy. However, a demand-side explanation does not explain the fact that the wage premium is higher for the personal characteristics that reduce the probability of membership. We develop an explanation in terms of a rationing of places and a scarcity value for members with those characteristics.China, Communist Party, labour market, economic transition, wages
Rural income generating activities: a case study of nine villages in the northeast China
EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
Understanding urban wage inequality in China 1988–2008: evidence from quantile analysis
This paper examines change in wage gaps in urban China from 1988 to 2008 by estimating quantile regressions on CHIPS data. It applies the Machado and Mata (2005) decomposition, finding sharp increases in inequality largely due to changes in the wage structure. During 2002–08, changes in the returns to education and experience have been equalizing. However, changes in other categories of wage differential—by sex, occupation, ownership, industrial sector, and province—widened inequality. The gender gap continued to rise, as did the gap between white collar and blue collar workers, and between manufacturing and other sectors
OsAPX4 gene response to several environmental stresses in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Expression of the gene, OsAPX4, coding for ascorbate peroxidase in leaves and roots of rice were induced by abiotic stresses, such as NaCl, NaHCO3 and Na2CO3, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000, H2O2, CuCl2. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) over-expressing ascorbate peroxidase exhibited greater tolerance to NaCl and NaHCO3 and transgenic Arabidopsis over-expressing OsAPX4 had a greater salt tolerance than wild-type plants in 1/2 Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 150, 200 mM NaCl and 5, 7.5 mM NaHCO3. These results suggest that OsAPX4 plays an important role in multiple environmental stresses.Keywords: Arabidopsis, Oryza sativa, thaliana, carbonic anhydrase ascorbate peroxides, gene expression stressAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(36), pp. 5908-5913, 6 September, 201
Discrepancy Matters: Learning from Inconsistent Decoder Features for Consistent Semi-supervised Medical Image Segmentation
Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has been proven beneficial for mitigating the
issue of limited labeled data especially on the task of volumetric medical
image segmentation. Unlike previous SSL methods which focus on exploring highly
confident pseudo-labels or developing consistency regularization schemes, our
empirical findings suggest that inconsistent decoder features emerge naturally
when two decoders strive to generate consistent predictions. Based on the
observation, we first analyze the treasure of discrepancy in learning towards
consistency, under both pseudo-labeling and consistency regularization
settings, and subsequently propose a novel SSL method called LeFeD, which
learns the feature-level discrepancy obtained from two decoders, by feeding the
discrepancy as a feedback signal to the encoder. The core design of LeFeD is to
enlarge the difference by training differentiated decoders, and then learn from
the inconsistent information iteratively. We evaluate LeFeD against eight
state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods on three public datasets. Experiments show
LeFeD surpasses competitors without any bells and whistles such as uncertainty
estimation and strong constraints, as well as setting a new state-of-the-art
for semi-supervised medical image segmentation. Code is available at
\textcolor{cyan}{https://github.com/maxwell0027/LeFeD
Growing out of poverty: trends and patterns of urban poverty in China 1988–2002
This paper estimates trends in absolute poverty in urban China from 1988 to 2002 using the
Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) surveys. Poverty incidence curves are plotted,
showing that poverty has fallen markedly during the period regardless of the exact location of
the poverty line. Income inequality rose from 1988 to 1995 but has been fairly constant
thereafter. Models of the determination of income and poverty reveal widening differentials by
education, sex and party membership. Income from government anti-poverty programs has
little impact on poverty, which has fallen almost entirely due to overall economic growth
rather than redistribution
Growing out of poverty: trends and patterns of urban poverty in China 1988–2002
This paper estimates trends in absolute poverty in urban China from 1988 to 2002 using the
Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) surveys. Poverty incidence curves are plotted,
showing that poverty has fallen markedly during the period regardless of the exact location of
the poverty line. Income inequality rose from 1988 to 1995 but has been fairly constant
thereafter. Models of the determination of income and poverty reveal widening differentials by
education, sex and party membership. Income from government anti-poverty programs has
little impact on poverty, which has fallen almost entirely due to overall economic growth
rather than redistribution
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