Apresiasi Masyarakat Terhadap Tradisi Lisan Permainan Rakyat Jaran Kepang Di Kanagarian Simalidu Kecamatan Koto Salak Kabupaten Dharmasraya

The perposes of this researeh are to describe and the explain the appreciation of society in kanagarian Simalidu Kecamatan Koto Salak Kabupaten Dharmasraya. West Sumatra to the Jaran Kepang. The research is using the descriptive methade and the of this research is qualitative the issues that describe is type the appreciation and the acceptance of the society to Jaran Kepang in Kanagarian Simalidu Kecamatan Koto Salak Kabupaten Dharmasraya. That obtainable through the questionnaire and interview that using by the instrument in this research. The accumulation technique of data that using here are: (1) the observation to searching the informan that requires in the research, (2) give the questionnaire that contain same questions that have to be answered by the society in Kanagarian Simalidu Kecamatan Koto Salak Kabupaten Dharmasraya, (3) The structural interview, by using some questions to the informans based an the research, (4) record, by recorded oral data that express by the informans, (5) note, by kating all the informan that has bean obtained from the observation the interview, and the recard

Study on the biodegradation of crude oil by free and immobilized bacterial consortium in marine environment

<div><p>Five strains of bacteria, namely, <i>Exiguobacterium</i> sp. ASW-1, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> strain ASW-2, <i>Alcaligenes</i> sp. ASW-3, <i>Alcaligenes</i> sp. ASS-1, and <i>Bacillus</i> sp. ASS-2, were isolated from the Zhejiang coast in China. The mixed flora of the five strains performed well with degrading 75.1% crude oil (1%, <i>w/v</i>) in 7 days. The calcium alginate—activated carbon embedding carrier was used to immobilize bacterial consortium. Immobilized cells performed better than free ones in variations of environmental factors containing incubated temperature, initial pH, salinity of the medium and crude oil concentration. The degradation process of crude oil by immobilized bacteria was accelerated compared with that of the free ones. Bacterial consortium showed better performance on biodegradation of normal alkanes than that of PAHs. Improvement of immobilization on the biodegradation efficiency of normal alkanes (31.9%) was apparently high than that of PAHs (1.9%).</p></div

n-alkanes gas chromatograms in crude oil samples before and after biodegradation.

<p>a) the crude oil control; b) degradation sample of free bacterial consortium; c) degradation sample of immobilized bacterial consortium.</p

Effects of temperature on crude oil degradation efficiency of free and immobilized bacterial consortium.

<p>Effects of temperature on crude oil degradation efficiency of free and immobilized bacterial consortium.</p

Changes of the major normal alkanes content in crude oil samples before and after biodegradation.

<p>Changes of the major normal alkanes content in crude oil samples before and after biodegradation.</p

Photos of bio-carrier and immobilized bacterial consortium.

<p>a) SEM photo of bio-carrier of calcium alginate; b) SEM photo of bio-carrier of calcium alginate—activated carbon; c) SEM photo of immobilized bacterial consortium; d) Photo of immobilized bacterial consortium microsphere.</p

Effects of crude oil concentration on crude oil degradation efficiency of free and immobilized bacterial consortium.

<p>Effects of crude oil concentration on crude oil degradation efficiency of free and immobilized bacterial consortium.</p

Effects of salinity on crude oil degradation efficiency of free and immobilized bacterial consortium.

<p>Effects of salinity on crude oil degradation efficiency of free and immobilized bacterial consortium.</p

Degradation of the major PAHs by free bacteria and immobilized bacteria.

<p>Degradation of the major PAHs by free bacteria and immobilized bacteria.</p

Degradation efficiencies of bacterial consortia and single strains.

<p>Degradation efficiencies of bacterial consortia and single strains.</p