Perencanaan Sistem Pengelolaan Sampah Terpadu di Kawasan Pasar Flamboyan Kota Pontianak

Sampah merupakan konsekuensi kehidupan yang sering menimbulkan masalah, dan jumlahnya akan semakin meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan jumlah penduduk dan beragam aktivitasnya.Pasar Flamboyan adalah pasar terbesar di Kalimantan Barat.Pasar ini memiliki ± 1700 pedagang dan dibuka setiap hari.Disana terdapat ruko dengan jumlah 53 unit, kios sebanyak 203 unit dan los sebanyak 1498 unit.Saat ini Pasar Flamboyan belum mempunyai sistem pengelolaan sampah terpadu. Hal tersebut akan mengakibatkan banyaknya jumlah sampah yang dihasilkan dari setiap kegiatan. Sampah yang dihasilkan dari berbagai macam penjualan akan menghasilkan sampah yang beragam pula. Penanganan sampah setiap harinya di Pasar Flamboyan untuk saat ini masih menggunakan cara lama yaitu sampah dikumpulkan ke suatu tempat pembuangan sampah sementara lalu pada sore harinya sampah diangkut oleh pihak dari dinas kebersihan untuk dibawa ke TPA. Tujuan dari perencanaan ini yaitu untuk mengetahui total timbulan sampah dan komposisi sampah yang dihasilkan di kawasan Pasar Flamboyan serta untuk merencanakan sistem pengelolaan sampah terpadu di Kawasan Pasar Flamboyan. Perencanaan pengelolaan sampah di Kawasan meliputi perencanaan dari seluruh aspek operasional pengelolaan sampah yaitu perencanaan pewadahan sampah, pengumpulan dan pengangkutan sampah serta pengolahan sampah di Kawasan Pasar Flamboyan. Pengambilan data primer dilakukan dengan cara sampling timbulan dan komposisi sampah. Sampling dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode SNI 19-3694-1994 yaitu pengukuran sampah dengan menggunakan sampling box selama delapan hari berturut-turut yang kemudian akan menghasilkan data volume, berat jenis dan komposisi sampah. Digunakan juga kuisioner untuk mengumpulkan data dari pedagang yang berupa daftar pertanyaan yang disampaikan kepada responden untuk dijawab secara tertulis.Sampel sampah yang diambil masing-masing 3 sampel untuk setiap jenis los, kios dan ruko.Pengambilan sampel dilakukan setiap hari pada pukul 10.00 WIB selama delapan hari berturut-turut ke setiap sumber sampah yang telah ditentukan. Dari hasil perhitungan didapatkan bahwa total timbulan sampah di Kawasan Pasar Flamboyan adalah sebanyak 9,0370 m3/hari sampah organik dan sebanyak 1,0503 m3/hari sampah anorganik. Jumlah pewadahan di tiap sumber sampah ditentukan dari perhitungan rata-rata volume sampah perhari dibagi dengan ukuran tong sampah yang akan digunakan pada sumber tersebut. Jumlah pewadahan yang dibutuhkan untuk tiap sumber sampah Pasar Flamboyan untuk kios dan ruko yaitu sebanyak 79 buah tong sampah ukuran 10 liter dan 95 buah tong sampah ukuran 20 liter. Jumlah alat angkut sampah yang dibutuhkan untuk Pasar Flamboyan yaitu sebanyak 3 buah gerobak.TPST di Kawasan Pasar Flamboyan direncanakan akan berlokasi di bagian belakang Pasar Flamboyan. Jumlah lahan yang dibutuhkan untuk pembangunan TPST Pasar Flamboyan adalah seluas 207,27 m2. Rencana anggaran biaya untuk biaya investasi yaitu sebesar Rp 960.642.206,00. Laba yang diperoleh dari hasil pengolahan sampah yaitu Rp 39.600.000,00/tahun. Biaya hasil retribusi kebersihan dari pedagang yaitu Rp 505.152.000,00/tahun. Dana yang akan dikeluarkan Pasar Flamboyan untuk operasional dan pemeliharaan yaitu Rp 254.760.000,00/tahun

Preparation of a beta-cyclodextrin functionalized monolith via a novel and simple one-pot approach and application to enantioseparations.

A novel and facile one-pot copolymerization approach was developed for the preparation of a beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) functionalized organic polymer monolith. The proposed one-pot process involved two major reactions occurring in sequence in the same vial: (1) the ring opening reaction between the epoxy groups of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and the primary amino groups of ethylenediamine-beta-CD (EDA-beta-CD); (2) the copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate-ethylenediamine-beta-CD (GMA-EDA-beta-CD) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) using 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the polymerization initiator. This approach avoids the time-consuming post-polymerization derivatization of the traditional two-step strategy. Compared to the previously reported two-step strategy, the monolith prepared by this one-pot method exhibited higher beta-CD ligand density and better column efficiency in HPLC. Satisfactory column permeability and separation selectivity were also obtained on the optimized poly(GMA-EDA-beta-CD-co-EDMA) monolithic column. Additionally, the column was also applied to the enantioseparation of some racemic acidic compounds with promising results

Estimation of poverty using random forest regression with multi-source data: a case study in Bangladesh

Spatially explicit and reliable data on poverty is critical for both policy makers and researchers. However, such data remain scarce particularly in developing countries. Current research is limited in using environmental data from different sources in isolation to estimate poverty despite the fact that poverty is a complex phenomenon which cannot be quantified either theoretically or practically by one single data type. This study proposes a random forest regression (RFR) model to estimate poverty at 10 km × 10 km spatial resolution by combining features extracted from multiple data sources, including the National Polar-orbiting Partnership Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (NPP-VIIRS) Day/Night Band (DNB) nighttime light (NTL) data, Google satellite imagery, land cover map, road map and division headquarter location data. The household wealth index (WI) drawn from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program was used to reflect poverty level. We trained the RFR model using data in Bangladesh and applied the model to both Bangladesh and Nepal to evaluate the model's accuracy. The results show that the R between the actual and estimated WI in Bangladesh is 0.70, indicating a good predictive power of our model in WI estimation. The R between actual and estimated WI of 0.61 in Nepal also indicates a good generalization ability of the model. Furthermore, a negative correlation is observed between the district average WI and the poverty head count ratio (HCR) in Bangladesh with the Pearson Correlation Coefficient of -0.6. Using Gini importance, we identify that proximity to urban areas is the most important variable to explain poverty which contribute to 37.9% of the explanatory power. Compared to the study that used NTL and Google satellite imagery in isolation to estimate poverty, our method increases the accuracy of estimation. Given that the data we use are globally and publicly available, the methodology reported in this study would also be applicable in other countries or regions to estimate the extent of poverty

Surgical Strategy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients with Portal/Hepatic Vein Tumor Thrombosis.

Portal/hepatic vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT/HVTT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a sign of advanced stage disease and is associated with poor prognosis. This study investigated the surgical outcomes of patients with HCC and PVTT/HVTT to determine the most appropriate surgical treatment strategy for these patients.The study population included 77 HCC patients from January 2004 to June 2009 who underwent hepatectomy in our department and were diagnosed with PVTT/HVTT based on pathological examination. The patients were divided into two groups: in group 1, PVTT/HVTT was located in the hepatic resection area and removed with the tumor en bloc (38 cases); in group 2, PVTT/HVTT was beyond the resection line and removed by suction or thrombectomy (39 cases). Concerning the factor of surgical margins, the patients were further divided into four subgroups: group 1A: patients in group 1 with surgical margins ≤1 cm (28 cases); group 1B: patients in group 1 with surgical margins >1 cm (9 cases); group 2A: patients in group 2 with surgical margins ≤1 cm (28 cases); and group 2B: patients in group 2 with surgical margins >1 cm (9 cases).Most of the characteristics of groups 1 and 2 were similar. Patients in group 2 had significantly higher median blood loss (p=0.002) and higher blood transfusion rate (p=0.002) during the operation, which were not considered prognostic factors (p=0.323 and 0.571, respectively). The median overall survival (OS) duration in group 1 was significantly longer than that in group 2 (14.3 vs. 10.4 months, p=0.047). The median OS durations in groups 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B were 14.3, 42.7, 7.5, and 18.0 months, respectively, which were significantly different(p=0.018).When PVTT/HVTT is located in the hepatic resection area and removed with the tumor en bloc, the median OS duration is longer. Based on this finding, widening the surgical margins when technically possible may increase OS

The Relationship Between Urban 2-D/3-D Landscape Pattern and Nighttime Light Intensity

As spatial and socioeconomic processes are the two key aspects of urban development, revealing the relationship between these two key aspects is critical. Previous studies attempted to explain their correlation at the city or region level using built-up area metrics and nighttime light (NTL) data. However, more comprehensive studies on urban interior spatial characteristics and their relationship to NTL intensity are lacking in a three-dimension space. Using Luojia 1-01 nighttime light data, LiDAR digital surface model data, and other auxiliary data, this study applies an extreme gradient boosting regression model and Sharpley Additive exPlanations method to model and interpret the relationship between two-dimensional (2-D)/3-D landscape patterns and NTL intensity. Two study areas were selected to investigate the landscape–NTL relationship at the parcel and subdistrict levels. The major findings of this study include the following: 1) 2-D and 3-D urban landscape patterns have a close relationship with NTL intensity at the parcel and subdistrict scales; 2) the combinational metric of 2-D and 3-D landscape patterns has a stronger relationship with NTL intensity than either the 2-D or 3-D landscape metrics alone; 3) the correlations between most landscape metrics and NTL intensity are not simply positive or negative but change as metrics grow; and 4) the urban socioeconomic level is not only related to a single landscape metric sometimes but tends to the result of metrics interaction. These findings may help urban planners and government officials make more reasonable urban landscape planning policies under the goal of sustainable development

A New Method for Building-Level Population Estimation by Integrating LiDAR, Nighttime Light, and POI Data

Building-level population data are of vital importance in disaster management, homeland security, and public health. Remotely sensed data, especially LiDAR data, which allow measures of three-dimensional morphological information, have been shown to be useful for fine-scale population estimations. However, studies using LiDAR data for population estimation have noted a nonstationary relationship between LiDAR-derived morphological indicators and populations due to the unbalanced characteristic of population distribution. In this article, we proposed a framework to estimate population at the building level by integrating POI data, nighttime light (NTL) data, and LiDAR data. Building objects were first derived using LiDAR data and aerial photographs. Then, three categories of building-level features, including geometric features, nighttime light intensity features, and POI features, were, respectively, extracted from LiDAR data, Luojia1-01 NTL data, and POI data. Finally, a well-trained random forest model was built to estimate the population of each individual building. Huangpu District in Shanghai, China, was chosen to validate the proposed method. A comparison between the estimation result and reference data shows that the proposed method achieved a good accuracy with R2=0.65 at the building level and R2=0.79 at the community level. The NTL radiance intensity was found to have a positive relationship with population in residential areas, while a negative relationship was found in office and commercial areas. Our study has shown that by integrating both the three-dimensional morphological information derived from LiDAR data and the human activity information extracted from POI and NTL data, the accuracy of building-level population estimation can be improved

Short-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Sequelae of Stroke in Chinese Older Adults

Extensive evidence suggests that ambient air pollution contributes to a higher risk of hospital admissions for cerebrovascular diseases; however, its association with admissions for sequelae of stroke remains unclear. A time-stratified case-crossover study was conducted among 31,810 older adults who were admitted to hospital for sequelae of stroke in Guangzhou, China during 2016–2019. For each subject, daily residential exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), inhalable particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) was extracted from a validated grid data set. Conditional logistic regression models were used for exposure-response analyses. In single-pollutant models, each interquartile range (IQR) increase of lag 04-day exposure to CO (IQR: 0.25 mg/m3) and lag 3-day exposure to O3 (69.6 μg/m3) was significantly associated with a 4.53% (95% confidence interval: 1.67%, 7.47%) and 5.63% (1.92%, 9.48%) increase in odds of hospital admissions for sequelae of stroke, respectively. These associations did not significantly vary across age or sex. With further adjustment for each of the other pollutants in 2-pollutant models, the association for CO did not change significantly, while the association for O3 disappeared. We estimated that 7.72% of the hospital admissions were attributable to CO exposures. No significant or consistent association was observed for exposure to PM2.5, PM10, SO2, or NO2. In conclusion, short-term exposure to ambient CO, even at levels below the WHO air quality guideline, was significantly associated with an increased odds of hospital admissions for sequelae of stroke, which may lead to considerable excess hospital admissions