31,349 research outputs found
Radio-to-TeV Phase-resolved Emission from the Crab Pulsar: The Annular Gap Model
In the framework of the three-dimensional (3D) annular gap model with
reasonable parameters (the magnetic inclination angle \alpha = 45 deg and the
view angle \zeta = 63 deg), we first use the latest hight energy data to
self-consistently calculate radio, X-ray, gamma-ray and TeV (MAGIC and VERITAS)
light curves, phase-averaged spectrum and phase-resolved spectra for the Crab
pulsar. It is found that the acceleration electric field and potential in the
annular gap and core gap are huge enough in the several tens of neutron star
radii. The pulsed emission of radio, X-ray, gamma-ray and TeV are mainly
generated from the emission of primary particles or secondary particles with
different emission mechanisms in the nearly similar region of the annular gap
located in the only one magnetic pole, which leads to the nearly
"phase-aligned" multi-wavelength light curves. The emission of peak 1 (P1) and
peak 2 (P2) is originated from the annular gap region near the null charge
surface, while the emission of bridge is mainly originated from the core gap
region. The phase-averaged spectrum and phase-resolved spectra of the Crab
pulsar from soft X-ray to TeV band are produced by four components: synchrotron
radiation from CR-induced and ICS-induced pairs dominates the X-ray band to
soft gamma-ray band (100 eV to 10 MeV); curvature radiation and synchrotron
radiation from the primary particles mainly contribute to gamma-ray band (10
MeV to \sim 20 GeV); ICS from the pairs significantly contributes to the TeV
gamma-ray band (\sim 20 GeV to 400 GeV). The multi-wavelength pulsed emission
from the Crab pulsar has been well modeled with the annular gap and core gap
model. To distinguish our single magnetic pole model from two-pole models, the
convincing values of the magnetic inclination angle and the viewing angle will
play a key role.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables; published in ApJ on March 12. Due to
the character limitation, the abstract here has been adopted a shortened
versio
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All-Inorganic Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals: Opportunities and Challenges.
The past decade has witnessed the growing interest in metal halide perovskites as driven by their promising applications in diverse fields. The low intrinsic stability of the early developed organic versions has however hampered their widespread applications. Very recently, all-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals have emerged as a new class of materials that hold great promise for the practical applications in solar cells, photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, and lasers, among others. In this Outlook, we first discuss the recent developments in the preparation, properties, and applications of all-inorganic metal halide perovskite nanocrystals, with a particular focus on CsPbX3, and then provide our view of current challenges and future directions in this emerging area. Our goal is to introduce the current status of this type of new materials to researchers from different areas and motivate them to explore all the potentials
Two-photon annihilation in the pair formation cascades in pulsar polar caps
The importance of the photon-photon pair production process () to form pair production cascades in pulsar
polar caps is investigated within the framework of the Ruderman-Sutherland
vacuum gap model. It is found that this process is unimportant if the polar
caps are not hot enough, but will play a non-negligible role in the pair
formation cascades when the polar cap temperatures are in excess of the
critical temperatures, , which are around when
s and will slowly increase with increasing periods. Compared with the
process, it is found that the two-photon annihilation process may
ignite a central spark near the magnetic pole, where sparks can not
be formed due to the local weak curvatures. This central spark is large if the
gap is dominated by the ``resonant ICS mode''. The possible connection of these
central sparks with the observed pulsar ``core'' emission components is
discussed.Comment: 7 pages, 3 Postscript figures, LaTex, accepted for publication in
Astronomy and Astrophysic
A Perspective on Organic Agriculture in China - Opportunities and Challenges
With the rapid development of international production and trade in organic food, organic agriculture is also boosting in China. The milestone of Chinese organic agri-culture was set in 1990 with the first export of a certified organic product (tea) from Lin’an county of Zhejiang Province, China, which marked the launch of organic pro-duction in China. By the end of 2005, there had been about 4.384 million ha organic land, including 1.694 million ha organic, 0.61 million ha conversion as well as 2.08 million ha collection area, about half of which is certified area. About 4.93 million tons organic products and nearly 1600 projects had been certified with 300~400 varieties. According to the above data, now China ranks the 3rd largest country of organic production in the world.
In China, organic development mostly is export oriented, the export products include beans, rice, tea, mushroom, vegetable, processed oil and herbs, etc. According to the certifying body COFCC of Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), the value of exported organic products increased from 0.3 million USD in 1995 to 0.35 billion USD at the end of the year 2004. Chinese domestic organic market started from 2000. Presently, most of the products sold in domestic markets are certified by COFCC and OFDC in some largest cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Nanjing and Shenzhen, etc. The price of the organic products is often up to 3 times the price of conventional products. Average organic food consumption accounts for 0.08% of the conventional food (LI 2006)
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