Penggunaan Metode Eksperimen Pada Pembelajaran Materi Sifat Bahan Dan Kegunaannya Terhadap Hasil Dan Respon Belajar Siswa Kelas IV Min Tungkob Aceh Besar

The research on the use of experimental methods in learning characteristics of material and its usefulness toward students\u27 achievements and learning responses of Level 4 primary school students of MIN Tungkob Aceh Besar aims to determine students\u27 learning outcomes and responses toward the use of the method. This study uses experimental research. The data collection techniques were using test and distributing questionnaire to the students. The samples in this experimental study were students of class IV3 totaling 34 people as the experimental class and the class IV4 totaling 31 people as the control class. The data, which is the students\u27 learning outcomes collected from pretest and posttest, were analyzed using t-test formula. The data from the students\u27 questionnaire responses were analyzed using percentage formula.The result was that the students\u27 learning outcomes from the experimental class and the control class showed significant differences. Students\u27 responses toward the use of experimental methods in learning material characteristics and its usefulness were also very positive, where the students are very excited and interested in learning to use the experimental method in the study of material characteristics and its usefulness

Mitochondrial <i>COI</i> and 16sRNA Evidence for a Single Species Hypothesis of <i>E</i>. <i>vitis</i>, <i>J</i>. <i>formosana</i> and <i>E</i>. <i>onukii</i> in East Asia

<div><p>Tea green leafhopper is one of the most damaging tea pests in main tea production regions of East Asia. For lack of recognized morphological characters, the dominant species of tea green leafhoppers in Mainland China, Taiwan and Japan have always been named as <i>Empoasca vitis</i> Göthe, <i>Jacobiasca formosana</i> Paoli and <i>Empoasca onukii</i> MATSUDA, respectively. Furthermore, nothing is known about the genetic relationships among them. In this study, we collected six populations from Mainland China, four populations from Japan and one population from Taiwan, and examined the genetic distances in the <i>COI</i> and 16sRNA regions of mtDNA among them. The results showed that the genetic distances based on single gene or the combined sequences among eleven leafhopper populations were 0.3–1.2%, which were all less than the species boundary of 2%. Moreover, there were at least two haplotypes shared by two distinct populations from different regions. The phylogenetic analysis based on single gene or combined sets also supported that tea green leafhoppers from Mainland China, Taiwan and Japan were closely related to each other, and there were at least two specimens from different regions clustered ahead of those from the same region. Therefore, we propose that the view of recognizing the dominant species of tea green leafhoppers in three adjacent tea production regions of East Asia as different species is unreliable or questionable and suggest that they are a single species.</p></div

The collecting information and bioinformatics for leafhopper specimens.

<p>The collecting information and bioinformatics for leafhopper specimens.</p

The distribution map of eleven tea green leafhopper populations.

<p>Six populations were sampled from Anhui (AH), Zhejiang (ZJ), Hunan (HN), Fujian (FJ), Guangdong (GD) and Hainan (HrN) in main tea production regions of Mainland China. One population was collected from Taiwan, and four populations were collected from Shizuoka (JG), Kyoto (JD), Saitama (QY) and Kagoshima (LD) in Japan.</p

Mean distance within tea green leafhopper populations based on <i>COI</i>, 16sRNA and combined datasets.

<p>Mean distance within tea green leafhopper populations based on <i>COI</i>, 16sRNA and combined datasets.</p

Mean distance among tea green leafhopper populations based on combined datasets of <i>COI</i> and 16sRNA.

<p>Mean distance among tea green leafhopper populations based on combined datasets of <i>COI</i> and 16sRNA.</p

Adult of <i>E</i>. (<i>M</i>.) <i>onukii</i> Matsuda (alcohol preserved specimens from Kagoshima, Japan).

<p>(<b>A</b>) Male adult, dorsal view. (<b>B</b>) Female adult, left lateral view. (<b>C</b>) Head and thorax, dorsal view. (<b>D</b>) Face. Scale bars: (<b>A</b>)–(<b>C</b>) = 0.5 mm; (<b>D</b>) = 0.2 mm.</p

Adult of <i>E</i>. (<i>M</i>.) <i>onukii</i> (fresh specimens from Hangzhou, China).

<p>(<b>A</b>) Male adult, dorsal view. (<b>B</b>) Male adult, left lateral view. (<b>C</b>) Head and thorax, dorsal view. (<b>D</b>) Face. Scale bars: (<b>A</b>)–(<b>C</b>) = 0.5 mm; (<b>D</b>) = 0.2 mm.</p

Wings and male genitalia of <i>E</i>. (<i>M</i>.) <i>onukii</i> (specimens from Kagoshima, Japan).

<p>(<b>A</b>) Forewing. (<b>B</b>) Hind wing. (<b>C</b>) Male genitalia, left lateral view. (<b>D</b>) Male genitalia, dorsal view. (<b>E</b>) Paramere. (<b>F</b>) Anal tube, anal styli, aedeagus, connective and parameres, dorsal view. (<b>G</b>) Aedeagus, ventral view. (<b>H, I</b>) Aedeagus, left lateral view. (<b>J</b>) Anal tube and anal styli, left lateral view. (<b>K</b>) Abdominal apodemes. (<b>L</b>) Subgenital plate. Scale bars: (<b>A, B</b>) = 0.5 mm; (<b>C</b>)–(<b>L</b>) = 0.1 mm.</p

Male genitalia of <i>E</i>. (<i>M</i>.) <i>onukii</i> (specimens from China).

<p>(<b>A</b>) Male genitalia, left lateral view. (<b>B</b>) Male pygofer, left lateral view. (<b>C, D</b>) Basal part of male pygofer, dorsal view. (<b>E</b>) Ventral pygofer appendage, left lateral view. (<b>F</b>) Anal tube and anal styli, left lateral view. (<b>G, H</b>) Aedeagus, left lateral view. (<b>I</b>) Aedeagus, dorsal view. (<b>J</b>) Connective. (<b>K</b>) Subgenital plate, ventral view. (<b>L</b>) Paramere. (<b>M</b>) Abdominal apodemes. Scale bars: (<b>A)–(M)</b> = 0.1 mm.</p