Phenotypic Polymorphism Of Chrysomya Albiceps (wiedemann) (diptera: Calliphoridae) May Lead To Species Misidentification

Species identification is an essential step in the progress and completion of work in several areas of biological knowledge, but it is not a simple process. Due to the close phylogenetic relationship of certain species, morphological characters are not always sufficiently distinguishable. As a result, it is necessary to combine several methods of analysis that contribute to a distinct categorization of taxa. This study aimed to raise diagnostic characters, both morphological and molecular, for the correct identification of species of the genus Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae) recorded in the New World, which has continuously generated discussion about its taxonomic position over the last century. A clear example of this situation was the first record of Chrysomya rufifacies in Brazilian territory in 2012. However, the morphological polymorphism and genetic variability of Chrysomya albiceps studied here show that both species (C. rufifacies and C. albiceps) share very similar character states, leading to misidentification and subsequent registration error of species present in our territory. This conclusion is demonstrated by the authors, based on a review of the material deposited in major scientific collections in Brazil and subsequent molecular and phylogenetic analysis of these samples. Additionally, we have proposed a new taxonomic key to separate the species of Chrysomya found on the American continent, taking into account a larger number of characters beyond those available in current literature.141PA6072Amat, E., Contribución al conocimiento de las Chrysomyinae y Toxotarsinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) de Colombia (2009) Rev. Mex. Biodivers., 80, pp. 693-708Amat, E., Vélez, M.C., Wolff, M., Clave ilustrada para la identificación de los géneros y las especies de califóridos (Diptera: Calliphoridae) de Colombia (2008) Caldasia, 30, pp. 231-244Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E.W., Lipman, D.J., Basic local alignment search tool (1990) J. Mol. Biol., 215, pp. 403-410Avise, J.C., (2000) Phylogeography. The History and Formation of Species, p. 447. , Harvard University Press, CambridgeBarreto, M., Burbano, M.E., Barreto, P., Flies (Calliphoridae, Muscidae) and Beetles (Silphidae) from human cadavers in Cali, Colombia (2002) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 97, pp. 137-138Baumgartner, D.L., Greenberg, B., The genus Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the New World (1984) J. Med. Entomol., 21, pp. 105-113Baumgartner, D.L., Review of Chrysomya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1993) J. Med. Entomol., 30, pp. 338-352Bezzi, M., Some Calliphoridae (Dipt.) from the South Pacific Islands and Australia (1927) Bull. Entomol. Res., 17, pp. 231-247Biavati, G.M., Santana, F.H.A., Pujol-Luz, J.R., A checklist of Calliphoridae blowflies (Insecta, Diptera) associated with a pig carrion in Central Brazil (2010) J. Forensic Sci., 55, pp. 1603-1606Byrd, J.H., Castner, J.L., (2010) Forensic Entomology: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations, , CRC, Boca Raton, FLCarvalho, C.J.B., de Ribeiro, P.B., Chave de identificação das espécies de Calliphoridae (Diptera) do sul do Brasil (2000) Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet., 9, pp. 169-173Carvalho, C.J.B., Mello-Patiu, C.A., Key to the adults of the most common forensic species of Diptera in South America (2008) Rev. Bras. Entomol., 52, pp. 390-406Catts, E.P., Goff, M.L., Forensic entomology in criminal investigations (1992) Annu. Rev. Entomol., 37, pp. 253-272Chen, W.Y., Hung, T.H., Shiao, S.F., Molecular identification of forensically important blow fly species (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Taiwan (2004) J. Med. Entomol., 41, pp. 47-57Chen, J., Li, Q., Kong, L., Yu, H., How DNA barcodes complement taxonomy and explore species diversity: the case study of a poorly understood marine fauna (2011) PLoS One, 6, p. e21326Dear, J.P., A revision of the New World Chrysomyini (Diptera) (Calliphoridae) (1985) Rev. Bras. Zool., 3, pp. 109-169Dear, J.P., (1986) Calliphoridae (Insecta: Diptera). Fauna of New Zealand [Number] 8, p. 88. , DSIR, Wellington, New ZealandErzinçlioglu, Y.Z., The application of entomology to forensic medicine (1983) Med. Sci. Law, 23, pp. 57-63Fabricius, J.C., (1794) Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus, , Tom. IV. C. G. Proft, Fil. Et Soc., Hafniae [= Copenhagen], [6]+472+[5]Faria, L.D.B., Orsi, L., Trinca, L.A., Godoy, W.A.C., Larval predation by Chrysomya albiceps on Cochliomyia macellaria, Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya putoria (1999) Entomol. Exp. Appl., 90, pp. 149-155Feijão, P.C., Neiva, L.S., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Lessinger, A.C., AMiGA: the arthropodan mitochondrial genomes accessible database (2006) Bioinformatics, 22, pp. 902-903Funk, D.J., Omland, K.E., Species-level paraphyly and polyphyly: frequency, causes and consequences, with insights from animal mitochondrial DNA (2003) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 34, pp. 397-423Greenberg, B., (1973) Flies and Diseases. Biology and disease transmission, 2, p. 447. , Princeton University, PrincetonGreenberg, B., Chrysomya megacephala (F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) collected in North America and notes on Chrysomya species present in the New World (1988) J. Med. Entomol., 25, pp. 199-200Greenberg, B., Kunich, J.C., (2002) Entomology and the Law: Flies as Forensic Indicators, p. 306. , Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGuimarães, J.H., Prado, A.P., Linhares, A.X., Three newly introduced blowflies species in Southern Brazil (Diptera, Calliphoridae) (1978) Rev. Bras. Entomol., 22, pp. 53-60Guimarães, J.H., do Prado, A.P., Buralli, G., Dispersal and distribution of three newly introduced species of Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy in Brazil (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1979) Rev. Bras. Entomol., 23, pp. 245-255Guimarães, J.H., Papavero, N., (1999) Myiasis in Man and Animals in Neotropical Region, p. 308. , Plêiade, São PauloHajibabaei, M., Singer, G.A.C., Hebert, P.D.N., Hickey, D.A., DNA barcoding: how it complements taxonomy, molecular phylogenetics and population genetics (2007) Trends in Genetics, 23, pp. 167-172Harvey, M.L., Mansell, M.W., Villet, M.H., Dadour, I.R., Molecular identification of some forensically important blowflies of southern Africa and Australia (2003) Med. Vet. Entomol., 17, pp. 363-369Harvey, M.L., Dadour, I.R., Gaudieri, S., Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I gene: potential for distinction between immature stages of some forensically important fly species (Diptera) in western Australia (2003) Forensic Sci. Int., 131, pp. 134-139Harvey, M.L., Gaudieri, S., Villet, M.H., Dadour, I.R., A global study of forensically significant Calliphorids: implications for identification (2008) Forensic Sci. Int., 177, pp. 66-76Hebert, P.D.N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S.L., deWaard, J.R., Biological identifications through DNA barcodes (2003) Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B: Biol. Sci., 270, pp. 313-322Holdaway, F.G., The synonomy and distribution of Chrysomya rufifacies (Macq.), an Australian sheep blowfly (1933) Bull. Entomol. Res., 24, pp. 549-560Huang, X., Madan, A., CAP3: a DNA sequence assembly program (1999) Genome Res., 9, pp. 868-877James, M.T., (1948) The flies that cause myiasis in man, p. 175. , United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, (Miscellaneous Publication No 631James, M.T., (1970) A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States, 102, pp. 1-28. , Calliphoridae, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, BrazilJirón, L.F., Sobre moscas califóridas de Costa Rica (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) (1979) Brenesia, 16, pp. 221-222Kosmann, C., Mello, R.P., Harterreiten-Souza, E.S., Pujol-Luz, J.R., A list of current valid blow fly names (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the Americas South of Mexico with key to the brazilian species (2013) EntomoBrasilis, 6, pp. 74-85Linhares, A.X., Synanthropy of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in the city of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil (1981) Rev. Bras. Entomol., 25, pp. 189-215Linhares, A.X., Thyssen, P.J., Miíases de Importância Médica-Moscas e Entomologia Forense (2007) Parasitologia clínica-Seleção de métodos e técnicas de laboratório para o diagnóstico das parasitoses humanas, pp. 709-730. , Atheneu, São Paulo, G.A. de Carli (Ed.)Macquart, J., Diptères exotiques nouveauxou peu connus (1843) Mémoires de la Société Royale des Sciences, de l'Agriculture et des Arts, Lille: 162-460Marchenko, M.I., Medicolegal relevance of cadaver entomofauna for the determination of the time of death (2001) Forensic Sci. Int., 120, pp. 89-109Mariluis, J.C., Clave para la identification de los Calliphoridae de la Republica Argentina (Diptera) (1981) Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent., 40, pp. 27-30Mariluis, J.C., Schnack, J.A., Ecology of the blow flies of an eusynanthropic habitat near Buenos Aires (Diptera, Calliphoridae) (1989) Eos, 65, pp. 93-101Marinho, M.A.T., Junqueira, A.C.M., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Evaluation of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) as a molecular marker for phylogenetic inference using sequence and secondary structure information in blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2011) Genetica, 139, pp. 1189-1207Marinho, M.A.T., Junqueira, A.C.M., Paulo, D.F., Esposito, M.C., Villet, M.H., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Molecular phylogenetics of Oestroidea (Diptera: Calyptratae) with emphasis on Calliphoridae: insights into the inter-familial relationships and additional evidence for paraphyly among blowflies (2012) Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 65, pp. 840-854McAlpine, J.F., Morphology and terminology (1981) Manual of Nearctic Diptera, 1, pp. 9-63. , Research Branch Agriculture Canada, OttawaMcDonagh, L.M., Stevens, J.R., The molecular systematics of blowflies and screwworm flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) using 28S rRNA, COX1 and EF-1α: insights into the evolution of dipteran parasitism (2011) Parasitology, 138, pp. 1760-1777Meier, R., Shiyang, K., Vaidya, G., DNA barcoding and taxonomy in Diptera: a tale of high intraspecific variability and low identification success (2006) Syst. Biol., 55, pp. 715-728Meier, R., Zhang, G.G., DNA barcoding and DNA taxonomy: an assessment based on 4261 COI sequences for 1,001 species (2009) Diptera Diversity: Status, Challenges and Tools, pp. 349-380. , Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden, T. Pape, D. Bickel, R. Meier (Eds.)Mello, R.P., Chave para identificação das formas adultas das espécies da família Calliphoridae (Diptera, Brachycera, Cyclorrhapha) encontradas no Brasil (2003) Entomol. Vector., 10, pp. 255-268Merz, B., Haenni, J.P., Morphology and terminology of adult Diptera (other than terminalia) (2000) Manual of Palearctic Diptera, 1, pp. 21-51. , Science Herald, BudapestMoretti, T.C., Thyssen, P.J., Solis, D.R., Breeding of the scuttle fly Megaselia scalaris in a fish carcass and implications for the use in forensic entomology (Diptera: Phoridae) (2009) Entomol. Gen., 31, pp. 349-353Moretti, T., Godoy, W.A., Spatio-temporal dynamics and preference for type of bait in necrophagous insects, particularly native and introduced blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2013) J. Med. Entomol., 50, pp. 415-424Nelson, L.A., Wallman, J.F., Downton, M., Using COI barcodes to identify forensically and medically important blowflies (2007) Med. Vet. Entomol., 21, pp. 44-52Nelson, L.A., Wallman, J.F., Dowton, M., Identification of forensically important Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae) species using the second ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) (2008) Forensic Sci. Int., 177, pp. 238-247Nelson, L.A., Lambkin, C.L., Batterham, P., Wallman, J.F., Dowton, M., Whiting, M.F., Yeates, D.K., Cameron, S.L., Beyond barcoding: a mitochondrial genomics approach to molecular phylogenetics and diagnostics of blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2012) Gene, 511, pp. 131-142Nylander, J.A.A., (2004) MrAIC.pl. Program Distributed by the Author, , Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala UniversityPape, T., Wolff, M., Amat, E.C., Los califóridos, éstridos, rinofóridos y sarcofágidos (Diptera: Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Rhinophoridae, Sarcophagidae) de Colombia (2004) Biota Colombiana, 5, pp. 201-208Park, S.H., Park, C.H., Zhang, Y., Piao, H., Chung, U., Kim, S.Y., Ko, K.S., Hwang, J.J., Using the developmental gene bicoid to identify species of forensically important blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2013) BioMed Res. Int., pp. 1-8Patton, W.S., Diptera of medical and veterinary importance. II. The more important blowflies, Calliphorinae (1925) Philipp. J. Sci., 27, pp. 397-411Ribeiro, A.C., Cardoso, D., Lessa, C.S.S., Moya-Borja, G.E., Aguiar, V.M., First Record of Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera, Calliphoridae) in Southeastern Brazil (2013) Entomobrasilis, 6, pp. 245-247Richard, R.D., Ahrens, E.H., New distribution record for the recently introduced blow fly Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) in North America (1983) Southwest Entomol. (USA), 8, pp. 216-218Rognes, K., Paterson, H.E.H., Chrysomya chloropyga (Wiedemann, 1818) and C. putoria (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are two different species (2005) Afr. Entomol., 13, pp. 49-70Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J.P., MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models (2003) Bioinformatics, 19, pp. 1572-1574Rosa, T.A., Babata, M.L.Y., Souza, C.M., Sousa, D., Mello-Patiu, C.A.M., Mendes, J., Dípteros de interesse forense em dois perfis de vegetação de Cerrado em Uberlândia, MG (2009) Neotrop. Entomol., 38, pp. 859-866Rosati, J.Y., VanLaerhoven, S.L., New record of Chrysomya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Canada: predicted range expansion and potential effects on native species (2007) Can. Entomol., 139, pp. 670-677Saitou, N., Nei, M., The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees (1987) Mol. Biol. Evol., 4, pp. 406-425Schmidt, H.A., Strimmer, K., Vingron, M., Von Haeseler, A., TREE-PUZZLE: maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis using quartets and parallel computing (2002) Bioinformatics, 18, pp. 502-504Shahid, S.A., Hall, R.D., Haskell, N.H., Merritt, R.W., Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) established in the vicinity of Knoxville, Tennessee, USA (2000) J. Forensic Sci., 45, pp. 896-897Shewell, G.E., Family Calliphoridae (1987) Manual of Neartic Diptera, 2, pp. 1133-1145. , Research Branch Agriculture Canada, OttawaSievers, F., Wilm, A., Dineen, D.G., Gibson, T.J., Karplus, K., Li, W., Lopez, R., Higgins, D.G., Fast, scalable generation of high-quality protein multiple sequence alignments using Clustal Omega (2011) Mol. Syst. Biol., 7, p. 539Silva, J.O.A., Carvalho-Filho, F., Esposito, M.C., Reis, G.A., First record of Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera, Calliphoridae) from Brazil (2012) Rev. Bras. Entomol., 56, pp. 115-118Simon, C., Frati, F., Beckenbach, A., Crespi, B., Liu, H., Flook, P., Evolution, weighting and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers (1994) Entomol. Soc. Am., 87, pp. 651-701Singh, B., Kurahashi, H., Wells, J.D., Molecular phylogeny of the blowfly genus Chrysomya (2011) Med. Vet. Entomol., 25, pp. 126-134Smith, K.G.V., (1986) A manual of forensic entomology, p. 205. , Cornell University Press, IthacaSong, Z., Wang, X., Liang, G., Molecular evolution and phylogenetic utility of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) in Calyptratae (Diptera: Brachycera) (2008) J. Mol. Evol., 67, pp. 448-464Song, Z., Wang, X., Liang, G., Species identification of some common necrophagous flies in Guangdong province, southern China based on the rDNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) (2008) Forensic Sci. Int., 175, pp. 17-22Souza, A.M., Linhares, A.X., Diptera and Coleoptera of potential forensic importance in Southeastern Brazil: relative abundance and seasonality (1997) Med. Vet. Entomol., 11, pp. 8-12Stevens, J.R., Wall, R., Wells, J.D., Paraphyly in Hawaiian hybrid blowfly populations and the evolutionary history of anthropophilic species (2002) Insect Mol. Biol., 11, pp. 141-148Strimmer, K., Von Haeseler, A., Likelihood-mapping: a simple method to visualize phylogenetic content of a sequence alignment (1997) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 94, pp. 6815-6819Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M., Kumar, S., MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods (2011) Mol. Biol. Evol., 28, pp. 2731-2739Tantawi, T.I., Greenberg, B., Chrysomya albiceps and C. rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae): contribution to an ongoing taxonomic problem (1993) J. Med. Entomol., 30, pp. 646-648Tantawi, T.I., Sinclair, B.J., An update of the blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of the Galápagos Islands, and first record of Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) from mainland Ecuador (2013) Zootaxa, 3750, pp. 237-250Tautz, D., Arctander, P., Minelli, A., Thomas, R.H., Vogler, A.P., A plea for DNA taxonomy (2003) Trends Ecol. Evol., 18, pp. 70-74Thyssen, P.J., Moretti, T.C., Ueta, M.T., Ribeiro, O.B., O papel de insetos (Blattodea, Diptera e Hymenoptera) como possíveis vetores mecânicos de helmintos em ambiente domiciliar e peridomiciliar (2004) Cad. Saúde Pública, 20, pp. 1096-1102Tomberlin, J.K., Byrd, J.H., Wallace, J.R., Benbow, M.E., Assessment of decomposition studies indicates need for standardized and repeatable research methods in forensic entomology (2012) J. Forensic Res., 3, pp. 1-10Tomberlin, J.K., Reeves, W.K., Sheppard, D.C., First record of Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Georiga, U.S.A (2001) Fla. Entomol., 84, pp. 300-301Thompson, F.C., Nomenclator status statistics (2013) The BioSystematic Database of World Diptera [WWW.document], , http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/Diptera/names/Status/bdwdstat.htm, [accessed on 13 December 2013]Ururahy-Rodrigues, A., Rafael, J.A., Pujol-Luz, J.R., Temporal distribution of blowflies of forensic importance (Diptera: Calliphoridae), in man-size domestic pigs carcasses, in the Forest Reserve Adolpho Ducke, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil (2013) EntomoBrasilis, 6, pp. 9-22Vianna, E.E.S., Costa, P.R.P., Fernandes, A.L., Ribeiro, P.B., Abundância e flutuação populacional das espécies de Chrysomya (Diptera, Calliphoridae) em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil (2004) Iheringia Sér. Zool., 94, pp. 231-234Vincent, S., Vian, J., Carlotti, M.P., Partial sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase b subunit gene I: a tool for the identification of European species of blow flies for postmortem interval estimation (2000) J. Forensic Sci., 45, pp. 820-823Wallman, J.F., Donnellan, S.C., The utility of mitochondrial DNA sequences for the identification of forensically important blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in southeastern Australia (2001) Forensic Sci. Int., 120, pp. 60-67Wallman, J.F., Leys, R., Hogendoorn, K., Molecular systematics of Australian carrion-breeding blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) based on mitochondrial DNA (2005) Inverte. Syst., 19, pp. 1-15Wells, J.D., Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae) has reached the continental United States: review of its biology, pest status, and spread around the world (1991) J. Med. Entomol., 28, pp. 471-473Wells, J.D., Greenberg, B., Interaction between Chrysomya rufifacies and Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae): the possible consequences of an invasion (1992) Bull. Entomol. Res., 82, pp. 133-137Wells, J.D., Sperling, F.A.H., Molecular phylogeny of Chrysomya albiceps and C. rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1999) J. Med. Entomol., 36, pp. 222-226Wells, J.D., Sperling, F.A.H., DNA-based identification of forensically important Chrysomyinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2001) Forensic Sci. Int., 120, pp. 110-115Wells, J.D., Stevens, J.R., Application of DNA-based methods in forensic entomology (2008) Annu. Rev. Entomol., 53, pp. 103-120Wiedemann, C.R.W., (1819) Brasiliannische Zweiflügler Zoologisches Magazin (Wiedemann's), 1, pp. 40-56Whitworth, T., Keys to the genera and species of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of the West Indies and description of a new species of Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy (2010) Zootaxa, 2663, pp. 1-35Whitworth, T.L., Dawson, R.D., Magalon, H., Baudry, E., DNA barcoding cannot reliably identify species of the blowfly genus Protocalliphora (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2007) Proc. Biol. Sci., 274, pp. 1731-1739Zaidi, F., Wei, S.J., Shi, M., Chen, X.X., Utility of multi-gene loci for forensic species diagnosis of blowflies (2011) J. Insect Sci., 11, pp. 1-12Zhang, D.X., Hewitt, G.M., Nuclear integrations: challenges for mitochondrial DNA markers (1996) Trends Ecol. Evol., 11, pp. 24-251Zumpt, F., (1956) Calliphoridae (Diptera, Cyclorrhapha). Part I: Calliphorini and Chrysomyiini, p. 200. , Parc National Albert, BruxellesZumpt, F., (1965) Myiasis in man and animals in the Old World, p. 267. , Butterworths, Londo

Dietas naturais na criação de Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819; Diptera: Calliphoridae): estudo comparado Natural diets to rear Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819; Diptera: Calliphoridae): a comparative study

Procurou-se observar o desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de Chrysomya albiceps, testando-se, comparativamente, dietas à base de sardinha e carne eqüina. Os substratos frescos foram previamente mantidos a 30&deg;C de temperatura durante duas horas. Foram inoculadas 50 neolarvas em 100g de dieta por repetição. Utilizaram-se quatro repetições por tratamento. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de laboratório. O peso médio das larvas após o abandono espontâneo das dietas foi de 91,19mg, no substrato à base de carne eqüina e 76,01mg, no substrato à base de sardinha, a diferença foi, portanto, significativa. A taxa de sobrevivência larval registrada foi superior a 80%, enquanto a taxa de sobrevivência pupal foi próxima a 100%. A razão sexual foi próxima a 0,5. A dieta à base de carne eqüina mostrou-se mais adequada ao desenvolvimento de C. albiceps, pois as larvas mantidas neste substrato apresentaram-se mais pesadas, o que potencializa a capacidade reprodutiva do adulto.<br>The objective of the present study was to observe the postembryonic development of Chrysomya albiceps reared on sardines or horse meat and to compare the results. Fresh substratos were maintened m an oven ai 30&deg;C for 2 hours. Fifty newly emerged larvas were inoculated into 100g diel per reptication. Four replications per treatment were used. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions. The mean weight of postfeeding larvas was 91.19mg for especimens reared on horse meat and 76.01mg for especimens reared on sardines, with a marked difference between diets. Larval viability was more than 80% for the two diets, while pupal viability was dose to 100%. The sex ratio was about 0.5. The horse meat diet proved to be more adequate for the development of C. albiceps since the larvas weighed more, with consequent potentiations of adult reproductive abilily

Associação entre larvas de Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) e Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) e Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) (Calliphoridae, Diptera) sob condições de laboratório Association between Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) and Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) and Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) larvae (Calliphoridae, Diptera), under laboratory conditions

<abstract language="eng">This paper intends to recognize some aspects of interspecific relationships between Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) and C. albiceps (Wiedemann) and between C. megacephala and Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) larvae in laboratory. A diet consisting of decomposing horse flesh was used, and the relation of 1 larva/g diet was established. The development of the two species was done in pure and associated cultures. The association with Chrysomya albiceps influenced the post-embrionary development period and the weight of mature larvae of the C. megacephala, reducing their. Such weight decrease, along with the predation of larvae of C. megacephala larvae, yelded a decrease in survival in all of the stages. Larvae of this species showed an increase in its weight when associated with Cochliomyia macellaria. The native species responded to the association by reducing its body weigth and its viability. This association doesnt influence the duration of post-embrionary development

Rendimento, composição e análise sensorial do queijo minas frescal fabricado com leite de vacas mestiças alimentadas com diferentes volumosos Yield, composition and sensory analysis of Minas cheese made with milk from crossbred cows fed different roughages

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a qualidade físico-química e sensorial e o perfil de ácidos graxos do queijo minas frescal produzido com o leite de vacas mestiças alimentadas com dietas contendo quatro volumosos: canade-açúcar, silagem de sorgo, silagem de girassol e pastagem de Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia. Foram avaliados o rendimento, a composição físico-química e o perfil de ácidos graxos. Também foi realizada a análise sensorial do queijo minas frescal e da composição físico-química do leite. Utilizaram-se oito vacas mestiças 1/2 Holandês/Gir, com período de lactação de 180 ± 12 dias, distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 4 × 4, com quatro animais, quatro dietas e quatro períodos. Os períodos foram de 18 dias, sendo 15 dias de adaptação e três dias de coletas de dados. Após o processamento do queijo, foi feita análise microbiológica, físico-química e posteriormente análise sensorial. Amostras do queijo foram congeladas e analisadas quanto ao perfil de ácidos graxos. O teor de gordura do queijo foi maior para as dietas com cana-de-açúcar e silagem de girassol em relação à silagem de sorgo e ao pasto de Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, que não diferiram entre si. O queijo produzido a partir do leite de vacas alimentadas com silagem de girassol apresentou melhor perfil de ácidos graxos e índices de qualidade nutricional, maior proporção e melhor perfil de ácidos graxos insaturados. O rendimento do queijo foi igual para todas as dietas, independentemente do volumoso utilizado em sua composição. O queijo produzido com o leite de vacas alimentadas com silagem de girassol tem maior preferência pelos julgadores no teste de análise sensorial, especialmente quanto ao atributo aparência.<br>The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical-chemical and sensory quality and fatty acid profile of Minas cheese produced from milk from crossbred cows fed diets with four roughages (sugar cane, sorghum silage, sunflower silage and pasture of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania). Yield, physical-chemical composition, fatty acid profile and sensory analysis of Minas cheese, as well as the physical-chemical composition of milk were analyzed. For the experiment, eight 1/2 Holstein/Gir crossbred cows, with lactation period of 180 ± 12 days were distributed in two 4 × 4 latin squares (four animals, four diets and four periods). The experimental periods had a duration of 18 days: 15 days of adaptation and three days of data collection. After cheese processing microbiological, physical-chemical and sensory analysis were done. Cheese samples were frozen and analyzed for fatty acid profile. The fat content of cheese was higher for diets with sugar cane and sunflower silage compared with sorghum silage and pasture of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania. Cheese produced from milk from cows fed sunflower silage had superior fatty acid composition and nutritional quality indexes, and better profile and higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. Cheese yield did not differ between diets containing different roughages. Cheese produced from milk from cows fed a diet with sunflower silage presents higher preference at the sensory analysis test, especially regarding the attribute appearance