Construction of a surface air temperature series for Qingdao in China for the period 1899 to 2014

Abstract. We present a homogenized surface air temperature (SAT) time series at 2 m height for the city of Qingdao in China from 1899 to 2014. This series is derived from three data sources: newly digitized and homogenized observations of the German National Meteorological Service from 1899 to 1913, homogenized observation data of the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) from 1961 to 2014 and a gridded dataset of Willmott and Matsuura (2012) in Delaware to fill the gap from 1914 to 1960. Based on this new series, long-term trends are described. The SAT in Qingdao has a significant warming trend of 0.11 ± 0.03 °C decade−1 during 1899–2014. The coldest period occurred during 1909–1918 and the warmest period occurred during 1999–2008. For the seasonal mean SAT, the most significant warming can be found in spring, followed by winter. The homogenized time series of Qingdao is provided and archived by the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) web page under overseas stations of the Deutsche Seewarte (http://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/overseas_stations/ueberseedoku/doi_qingdao.html) in ASCII format. Users can also freely obtain a short description of the data at https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.5676/DWD/Qing_v1 And the data can be downloaded at http://dwd.de/EN/ourservices/overseas_stations/ueberseedoku/data_qingdao.txt

An effective ant-colony based routing algorithm for mobile ad-hoc network

An effective Ant-Colony based routing algorithm for mobile ad-hoc network is proposed in this paper. In this routing scheme, each path is marked by path grade, which is calculated from the combination of multiple constrained QoS parameters such as the time delay, packet loss rate and bandwidth, etc. packet routing is decided by the path grade and the queue buffer length of the node. The advantage of this scheme is that it can effectively improve the packet delivery ratio and reduce the end-to-end delay. The simulation results show that our proposed algorithm can improve the packet delivery ratio by 9%-22% and the end-to-end delay can be reduced by 14%-16% as compared with the conventional QAODV and ARA routing schemes

Multi-scale approach for modeling the transversely isotropic elastic properties of shale considering multi-inclusions and interfacial transition zone

Multiscale approach based explicit analytic predictions are obtained for the transversely isotropic properties of shale rock considering the multi-inclusion and interfacial transition zone (ITZ) effects. Representative volume elements (RVEs) are utilized to describe the material’s hierarchical microstructures from the nanoscale to the macroscale. A new multilevel micromechanical homogenization scheme is presented to quantitatively estimate the material’s transversely isotropic properties with the multi-inclusion and ITZ effects. The ITZ is characterized by the interphase material, whose effects are calculated by modifying the generalized self-consistent model. Furthermore, the explicit form solutions for the transversely isotropic properties are obtained by utilizing the Hill polarization tensor without numerical integration and the standard tensorial basis with the analytic inversions of fourth-rank tensors. To verify the proposed multiscale framework, predictions obtained via the proposed model are compared with experimental data and results estimated by the previous work, which show that the proposed multi-scaling approaches are capable of predicting the macroscopic behaviors of shale rocks with the multi-inclusion and ITZ effects. Finally, the influences of ITZ and inclusion properties on the material’s macroscopic properties are discussed based on the proposed multiscale framework