Respuesta del pasto Raigrás Aubade (Lolium Sp) a dosis de silicio en interacción con diferentes dosis de NPK.

El presente trabajo se realizó en la vereda Santa María, del corregimiento de Catambuco, municipio de Pasto, localizado a 01º06`33” N y 77º19´07.8” WO, a altura de 3350 msnm, temperatura de 11ºC; con el objeto de conocer el efecto del silicio en la absorción de NPK en el pasto Raigras aubade (Lolium sp), en un suelo Tipyc humitropepts. Se empleo diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones y 10 tratamientos distribuidos en dosis altas, medias y bajas de NPK (Altas: 529 kg/ha de urea, 72 kg/ha de SFT, 160 kg/ha de KCl. Medias: 397kg/ha de urea, 54 kg/ha de SFT, 120 kg/ha de KCl. Bajas: 265 kg/ha de urea, 36 kg/ha de SFT, 80 kg/ha de KCl) contrastadas con dosis altas, medias y bajas de silicio (Alta 100 kg/ha, media 75 kg/ha, baja 50 kg/ha de SiO2) y un testigo sin fertilización con silicio. El silicio en dosis alta y NPK alto, presentó mejores resultados en altura de planta (101cm), producción de forraje verde (167.2 t/ha/año), materia seca (27.44 t/ha/año), concentraciones de P (parte aérea 0.53%y raíz 0.42%), de K (parte aérea 3.11%y raíz 2.27%). Al aplicar dosis altas y medias en el suelo, la concentración de P y K disminuyó. El tratamiento dosis alta de NPK y alta de silicio presentó el mayor beneficio económico, seguido del tratamiento dosis media de NPK y alta de silicio

Neurodegeneration in the centrally-projecting Edinger–Westphal nucleus contributes to the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease in the rat

The neuropathological background of major depression and anxiety as non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease is much less understood than classical motor symptoms. Although, neurodegeneration of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in human Parkinson's disease is a known phenomenon, its possible significance in mood status has never been elucidated. In this work we aimed at investigating whether neuron loss and alpha-synuclein accumulation in the urocortin 1 containing (UCN1) cells of the centrally-projecting Edinger-Westphal (EWcp) nucleus is associated with anxiety and depression-like state in the rat.Systemic chronic rotenone administration as well as targeted leptin-saporin-induced lesions of EWcp/UCN1 neurons were conducted. Rotarod, open field and sucrose preference tests were performed to assess motor performance and mood status. Multiple immunofluorescence combined with RNAscope were used to reveal the functional-morphological changes. Two-sample Student's t test, Spearman's rank correlation analysis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for statistics.In the rotenone model, besides motor deficit, an anxious and depression-like phenotype was detected. Well-comparable neuron loss, cytoplasmic alpha-synuclein accumulation as well as astro- and microglial activation were observed both in the substantia nigra pars compacta and EWcp. Occasionally, UCN1-immunoreactive neuronal debris was observed in phagocytotic microglia. UCN1 peptide content of viable EWcp cells correlated with dopaminergic substantia nigra cell count. Importantly, other mood status-related dopaminergic (ventral tegmental area), serotonergic (dorsal and median raphe) and noradrenergic (locus ceruleus and A5 area) brainstem centers did not show remarkable morphological changes. Targeted partial selective EWcp/UCN1 neuron ablation induced similar mood status without motor symptoms.Our findings collectively suggest that neurodegeneration of urocortinergic EWcp contributes to the mood-related non-motor symptoms in toxic models of Parkinson's disease in the rat

Downregulation of PACAP and the PAC1 Receptor in the Basal Ganglia, Substantia Nigra and Centrally Projecting Edinger–Westphal Nucleus in the Rotenone model of Parkinson’s Disease

Numerous in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson’s disease (PD) demonstrate that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) conveys its strong neuroprotective actions mainly via its specific PAC1 receptor (PAC1R) in models of PD. We recently described the decrease in PAC1R protein content in the basal ganglia of macaques in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD that was partially reversed by levodopa therapy. In this work, we tested whether these observations occur also in the rotenone model of PD in the rat. The rotarod test revealed motor skill deterioration upon rotenone administration, which was reversed by benserazide/levodopa (B/L) treatment. The sucrose preference test suggested increased depression level while the open field test showed increased anxiety in rats rendered parkinsonian, regardless of the received B/L therapy. Reduced dopaminergic cell count in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) diminished the dopaminergic fiber density in the caudate-putamen (CPu) and decreased the peptidergic cell count in the centrally projecting Edinger–Westphal nucleus (EWcp), supporting the efficacy of rotenone treatment. RNAscope in situ hybridization revealed decreased PACAP mRNA (Adcyap1) and PAC1R mRNA (Adcyap1r1) expression in the CPu, globus pallidus, dopaminergic SNpc and peptidergic EWcp of rotenone-treated rats, but no remarkable downregulation occurred in the insular cortex. In the entopeduncular nucleus, only the Adcyap1r1 mRNA was downregulated in parkinsonian animals. B/L therapy attenuated the downregulation of Adcyap1 in the CPu only. Our current results further support the evolutionarily conserved role of the PACAP/PAC1R system in neuroprotection and its recruitment in the development/progression of neurodegenerative states such as PD