Une mine de plomb argentifère dans un environnement montagnard : la mine médiévale du Fournel à L'Argentière-la-Bessée (Hautes-Alpes)

National audienceLa mine d'argent du Fournel a été en activité entre le Xe et le XIVe siècle. Les textes conservés concernent la phase de maturité du XIIe siècle et la phase de ralentissement du milieu du XIIIe siècle. Plusieurs panneaux filoniens ont été exploités à partir d'affleurements, depuis des escarpements rocheux abrupts, jusqu'au fond d'une gorge. La grande dureté de la roche a obligé les mineurs à recourir à l'abattage par le feu. Le relief a grandement facilité la prospection des filons, le démarrage de chantiers à ciel ouvert et l'organisation des exploitations souterraines. Les chantiers s'étendent jusqu'à 150 m du jour et sont assistés par des niveaux de circulation par traînage, des conduits d'aérage perchés en hauteur et des galeries de drainage ouvertes à la base. Ces ouvrages d'assistance reflètent une organisation opportuniste de la mine, facilitée par la topographie et la géologie du gisement. L'analyse sédimentologique et anthracologique des remblais, associée à des expérimentations sérielles, permet de caractériser la chaîne opératoire technique de l'abattage par le feu et son impact sur les modalités de gestion de la forêt arborescente d'altitude, comprimée entre les activités agropastorales et minières

De l'usage minier du feu : sources et expérimentations

Éditeur scientifique : Aline DurandNational audienceL'abattage par le feu est auréolé de mystères en raison de son caractère séculaire et archaïque . Les découvertes récentes liées au développement des méthodes de l'archéologie minière lèvent le voile. Or, des questions restent toujours posées notamment concernant la technique et la pratique du travail par le feu sous terre, son évolution, et ses conséquences sur l'architecture des ouvrages, la morphologie et la composition des déblais, l'organisation du travail et la gestion de la forêt. Cet article qui n'a pas la prétention d'être exhaustif sur la diversité des sources et des outils utilisés pour nourrir cette problématique, a pour objectif de dégager les traits forts d'une approche pluridisciplinaire située au croisement des sciences humaines et de l'environnement, pour accéder à des notions de mode opératoire, de systèmes techniques et d'adaptation - réaction entre les mineurs et leur environnement

Trade-offs between foraging efficiency and pup feeding rate of lactating northern fur seals in a declining population

Foraging strategies and their resulting efficiency (energy gain to cost ratio) affect animals’ survival and reproductive success and can be linked to population dynamics. However, they have rarely been studied quantitatively in free-ranging animals. We investigated foraging strategies and efficiencies of wild northern fur seals Callorhinus ursinus during their breeding season to understand potential links to the observed population decline in the Bering Sea. We equipped 20 lactating females with biologgers to determine at-sea foraging behaviours. We measured energy expenditure while foraging using the doubly-labelled water method, and energy gained using (1) the types and energy densities of prey consumed, and (2) the number of prey capture attempts (from acceleration data). Our results show that seals employed 2 foraging strategies: one group (40%) fed mostly in oceanic waters on small, high energy-density prey, while the other (60%) stayed over the shallow continental shelf feeding mostly on larger, lower quality fish. Females foraging in oceanic waters captured 3 times more prey, and had double the foraging efficiencies of females that foraged on-shelf in neritic waters. However, neritic seals made comparatively shorter trips, and likely fed their pups ~20 to 25% more frequently. The presence of these strategies which either favor foraging efficiency (energy) or frequency of nursing (time) might be maintained in the population because they have similar net fitness outcomes. However, neither strategy appears to simultaneously maximize time and energy allocated to nursing, with potential impacts on the survival of pups during their first year at sea

Neuroprotective Effect of Inhaled Nitric Oxide on Excitotoxic-Induced Brain Damage in Neonatal Rat

BACKGROUND: Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is one of the most promising therapies used in neonates. However, little information is known about its impact on the developing brain submitted to excitotoxic challenge. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We investigated here the effect of iNO in a neonatal model of excitotoxic brain lesions. Rat pups and their dams were placed in a chamber containing 20 ppm NO during the first week of life. At postnatal day (P)5, rat pups were submitted to intracranial injection of glutamate agonists. At P10, rat pups exposed to iNO exhibited a significant decrease of lesion size in both the white matter and cortical plate compared to controls. Microglia activation and astrogliosis were found significantly decreased in NO-exposed animals. This neuroprotective effect was associated with a significant decrease of several glutamate receptor subunits expression at P5. iNO was associated with an early (P1) downregulation of pCREB/pAkt expression and induced an increase in pAkt protein concentration in response to excitotoxic challenge (P7). CONCLUSION: This study is the first describe and investigate the neuroprotective effect of iNO in neonatal excitotoxic-induced brain damage. This effect may be mediated through CREB pathway and subsequent modulation of glutamate receptor subunits expression

Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds

Plastic pollution is distributed patchily around the world’s oceans. Likewise, marine organisms that are vulnerable to plastic ingestion or entanglement have uneven distributions. Understanding where wildlife encounters plastic is crucial for targeting research and mitigation. Oceanic seabirds, particularly petrels, frequently ingest plastic, are highly threatened, and cover vast distances during foraging and migration. However, the spatial overlap between petrels and plastics is poorly understood. Here we combine marine plastic density estimates with individual movement data for 7137 birds of 77 petrel species to estimate relative exposure risk. We identify high exposure risk areas in the Mediterranean and Black seas, and the northeast Pacific, northwest Pacific, South Atlantic and southwest Indian oceans. Plastic exposure risk varies greatly among species and populations, and between breeding and non-breeding seasons. Exposure risk is disproportionately high for Threatened species. Outside the Mediterranean and Black seas, exposure risk is highest in the high seas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of the USA, Japan, and the UK. Birds generally had higher plastic exposure risk outside the EEZ of the country where they breed. We identify conservation and research priorities, and highlight that international collaboration is key to addressing the impacts of marine plastic on wide-ranging species

Beam steering by integrated electrodes for brighter FEDs

NRC publication: Ye

A reverse OLED fabrication process for top-view active-matrix addressed displays

NRC publication: Ye