AN ANALYSIS OF READIBILITY LEVEL IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS

ABSTRACT AN ANALYSIS OF READIBILITY LEVEL IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS Reading is the ability to connect the reader, the text, and the interaction between the reader and the text, forming the meaning of information. Therefore, the readability level of text is needed to motivate students to be able to build up their interest in reading text. This study aimed to investigate what is readability level in English textbooks entitled “Bahasa Inggris” published by the Ministry of Education and Culture, “Pathway to English” published by Erlangga, and “Talk Active” published by Yudhistira for the tenth-grade students of senior high school. This study adopted a theory statistical readability formula Flesch Reading Ease. The method used in this study was descriptive qualitative. The instrument of this study was the researcher itself. The data were gathered through document analysis the readability level of the reading texts using Flesch Reading Ease formula. The data finding showed that three English textbooks contained fourteen reading texts from forty-two reading texts that were readable or suitable for the tenth-grade students of senior high school. This was categorized as readability level range score 50-60. The criteria of readability level of the reading text were fairly difficult. Three English textbooks dominantly presented were readable or suitable with the tenth-grade students of senior high school compared to were not readable or suitable with the tenth-grade students of senior high school. Most of those reading texts in “Bahasa Inggris” were four texts of score 70-80. It is categorized as fairly easy. Most of those reading texts in “Pathway to English” were six texts of score 50-60. It is categorized as fairly difficult. Most of those reading texts in “Talk Active” were five texts of score 50-60. It is categorized as fairly difficult. Keywords: Readability Level, Reading Tex

VARIASI TRACE GASES SELAMA 10 TAHUN DAN PENCAMPURAN DI SEKITAR LAPISAN TROPOPAUSE DI INDONESIA BERBASIS SATELIT (TRACE GASES VARIATION FOR 10 YEARS AND MIXING AROUND THE TROPOPAUSE LAYERS IN INDONESIA BASED ON SATELLITE)

Measurement of trace gases (CO, O3, CH3Cl, HCl, H2O, and HNO3) and temperatures around upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS) or rather around Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) in Indonesia by using Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument board on Satellite AURA for 2005-2014 period to make variations of these gases over the 10 years around TTL allows to be studied more deeply. TTL becomes the main route entry of chemical compounds and aerosols originating in the troposphere into the stratosphere. The composition of minor gases in the TTL is very important because it affects the global radiation budget. Analysis of vertical profiles of these gases in the TTL was done to determine the suitability of the concept of TTL which starts from the upper troposphere to the lower stratosphere. Other method are the time series diagram of the altitude (height versus time series cross section) which shows the annual and interannual variations in vertical profiles of these gases in the TTL and the possible influence of the dynamics of the atmosphere. The results showed correlation of these gases with ozone showed most of the air in the stratosphere is experiencing mixing in the TTL. In addition, changes in concentration and temperature values in the TTL have been calculated using the trends of each parameter and it is known that the parameters of HCl, CH3Cl, and temperature show respective decreases of -0.036 ppmv, -0.024 ppmv, and -0.456 K. As for other parameters such as ozone, CO, H2O, and HNO3 showed an increase of respectively 0.0036 ppmv, 0.0096 ppmv, 0.108 ppmv, and 0.06 ppmv. AbstrakPengukuran trace gases (CO, O3, CH3Cl, HCl, H2O, HNO3) dan temperatur di sekitar lapisan troposfer atas/stratosfer bawah (UT/LS) atau tepatnya di sekitar Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) di Indonesia menggunakan instrumen Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) pada Satelit AURA periode 2005-2014 menjadikan variasi gas-gas tersebut selama 10 tahun di sekitar TTL memungkinkan untuk dikaji lebih dalam. TTL menjadi jalur utama masuknya senyawa-senyawa kimia dan aerosol yang bersumber di troposfer ke stratosfer. Komposisi gas-gas minor di TTL sangat penting karena mempengaruhi budget radiasi global. Analisis profil vertikal gas-gas tersebut di TTL dilakukan untuk mengetahui kesesuaian konsep TTL yang dimulai dari lapisan troposfer atas hingga ke stratosfer bawah. Metode lainnya adalah dengan diagram time series terhadap ketinggian (time series versus height cross section) yang menunjukkan variasi tahunan maupun antar tahunan profil vertikal gas-gas tersebut di TTL serta kemungkinan adanya pengaruh dari proses dinamika atmosfer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan korelasi gas-gas tersebut dengan ozon menunjukkan adanya sebagian udara di stratosfer yang mengalami pencampuran di wilayah TTL. Selain itu, perubahan nilai konsentrasi dan temperatur di TTL telah dihitung menggunakan trend masing-masing parameter dan diketahui bahwa parameter HCl, CH3Cl, dan temperatur menunjukkan penurunan masing-masing sebesar  -0,036 ppmv, -0,024 ppmv, dan -0,456 K. Adapun parameter lain seperti ozon, CO, H2O, dan HNO3 menunjukkan adanya peningkatan masing-masing sebesar 0,0036 ppmv, 0,0096 ppmv, 0,108 ppmv, dan 0,06 ppmv.

PENGARUH PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DAN SISTEM INFORMASI AKUNTANSI TERHADAP TRANSPARANSI KINERJA KEUANGAN BUMDES

This study aims to determine the effect of financial management variables and accounting information systems on financial performance transparency variables. The research was conducted using qualitative methods and using a case study approach, and samples were taken from 32 respondents. This research was conducted in BUMDes Sauyunan, Cihideung Village, Parongpong District, West Bandung Regency with the aim of increasing understanding in managing BUMDes finance through the System Information Accounting. Hypothesis testing in this study using SPSS tools. The results showed that the Financial Management variable (X1) had no effect on the Financial Performance Transparency variable (Y), while the Accounting Information System variable (X2) had an effect on the Financial Performance Transparency variable (Y)

ANALISIS VIBRASI MOLEKUL PADA GAS RUMAH KACA

AbstractMatahari memancarkan radiasi ke bumi dalam berbagai panjang gelombang, sebagian besar dalam bentuk sinar tampak. Untuk menjaga kesetimbangan panas di bumi, maka bumi akan mengemisikan kembali radiasi yang telah diserap. Salah satu sinar yang diemisikan kembali oleh bumi (outgoing radiation) yaitu sinar inframerah (IR). Beberapa gas penyusun atmosfer dapat menyerap sinar IR. Gas-gas tersebut antara lain uap air (H2O), karbondioksida (CO2), metana (CH4), dan dinitrogen oksida (N2O). Gas-gas ini memerangkap sinar inframerah sehingga membuat lapisan yang berada di bawahnya hangat. Kejadian ini mirip dengan efek yang ditimbulkan oleh rumah kaca. Gas-gas rumah kaca tersebut dapat menyerap sinar inframerah karena mempunyai mode vibrasi normal yang menghasilkan perubahan momen dipol saat bervibrasi.Hal.9-15:ilus.; 30 c

Pengukuran Gas Rumah Kaca Menggunakan Balon Plastik dan Cryogenic Air Sampler

Hal. 43-4

Question and Answer: Sains Dan Teknologi Atmosfer

Hal. 30-3

EVAPOTRANSPIRASI POTENSIAL DAS CIMANUK MENGGUNAKAN PARAMETER TEMPERATUR BERBASIS DATA MODIS

RINGKASANSalah satu parameter iklim penting dalam perhitungan neraca air adalah evapotranspirasi. DAS Cimanuk merupakan salah satu sumber daya air di Jawa Barat. Namun, tidak semua stasiun cuaca yang terdapat di sepanjang DAS Cimanuk mempunyai alat untuk mengukur evapotranspirasi. Hal ini menyebabkan penelitian mengenai evapotranspirasi menjadi terbatas. Salah satu metode penginderaan jauh yang dapat digunakan untuk mengestimasi nilai evapotranspirasi adalah data Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Data evapotranspirasi berada di kanal 16 (MOD16). Data MOD16 dapat diunduh dari situs ftp.ntsg.umt.edu/pub/MODIS/Mirror/MOD16 dan memiliki format Hierarchical Data Format-Earth Observing System (HDF-EOS). Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data bulanan. Selanjutnya dilakukan reproyeksi menggunakan MODIS Reprojection Tool (MRT) agar koordinat data sesuai dengan koordinat peta geografi. Data HDF-EOS yang telah dilakukan reproyeksi kemudian diolah menggunakan software OpenGrADS2.0.a9 untuk melihat variasi spasial dan temporalnya. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan diperoleh bahwa data evapotranspirasi dari MOD16 dapat digunakan untuk mengestimasi nilai evapotranspirasi potensial DAS Cimanuk. Data tersebut menunjukkan bahwa daerah hulu DAS Cimanuk memiliki nilai evapotranspirasi potensial yang lebih rendah dibandingkan daerah hilir. Nilai rata-rata evapotranspirasi potensial tertinggi diperoleh pada periode September-Oktober-November (SON) dengan rentang nilai 140-200 mm.Hal. 29-36:ilus.; 30 c

Variasi Trace Gases Selama 10 Tahun Dan Pencampuran Di Sekitar Lapisan Tropopause Di Indonesia Berbasis Satelit (Trace Gases Variation For 10 Years And Mixing Around The Tropopause Layers In Indonesia Based On Satellite)

Measurement of trace gases (CO, O3, CH3Cl, HCl, H2O, and HNO3) and temperatures around upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS) or rather around Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) in Indonesia by using Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument board on Satellite AURA for 2005-2014 period to make variations of these gases over the 10 years around TTL allows to be studied more deeply. TTL becomes the main route entry of chemical compounds and aerosols originating in the troposphere into the stratosphere. The composition of minor gases in the TTL is very important because it affects the global radiation budget. Analysis of vertical profiles of these gases in the TTL was done to determine the suitability of the concept of TTL which starts from the upper troposphere to the lower stratosphere. Other method are the time series diagram of the altitude (height versus time series cross section) which shows the annual and interannual variations in vertical profiles of these gases in the TTL and the possible influence of the dynamics of the atmosphere. The results showed correlation of these gases with ozone showed most of the air in the stratosphere is experiencing mixing in the TTL. In addition, changes in concentration and temperature values in the TTL have been calculated using the trends of each parameter and it is known that the parameters of HCl, CH3Cl, and temperature show respective decreases of -0.036 ppmv, -0.024 ppmv, and -0.456 K. As for other parameters such as ozone, CO, H2O, and HNO3 showed an increase of respectively 0.0036 ppmv, 0.0096 ppmv, 0.108 ppmv, and 0.06 ppmv.Hal. 83-9

Profil Vertikal Hydroperoxyl Radical (HO2) di Indonesia Hasil Pengukuran MLS Aura

Hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) merupakan salah satu senyawa radikal golongan HO. yang berperan dalam merusak ozon di stratosfer. Penelitian ini mengkaji profil vertikal HO2 di atmosfer Indonesia hasil pengukuran instrumen Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) AURA. Data yang digunakan adalah data tahun 2010-2011. Penentuan profil vertikal, variasi bulanan dan musiman untuk tekanan kunci saat HO2 mencapai puncak yaitu pada tekanan 0,1 hPa hingga 0,02 hPa di lapisan mesosfer serta pada tekanan 31,62 hingga 21,54 hPa di lapisan stratosfer, juga analisis korelasi ozon dan HO2 di lapisan stratosfer telah dilakukan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan profil vertikal HO2 mencapai puncak pada ketinggian 70 km (mesosfer) dengan konsentrasi mencapai 1,9 ppbv, sedangkan di stratosfer puncak konsetrasi HO2 terjadi pada ketinggian 24 - 27 km dengan nilai sebesar 0,2 hingga 0,4 ppbv. Variasi bulanan menunjukkan bulan. Maret konsentrasi HO2 paling tinggi sedangkan bulan Juni adalah titik terendah. Variasi musiman menunjukkan bulan MAM konsentrasi HO2 tertinggi, sedangkan saat JJA paling rendah. Koefisien korelasi musiman ozon dan HO2 di stratosfer berkisar antara -0,154 hingga -0,256.Hal. 30-4