Tailoring the Kinetic Behavior of Hydride Forming Materials for Hydrogen Storage

Hydride forming materials, i.e., binary, complex hydrides, and their mixtures, have been extensively investigated owing to their potential hydrogen storage properties. They possess high volumetric hydrogen capacity and relative high gravimetric hydrogen capacity. However, one of the main constraints for their practical application is their slow kinetic behavior. For this reason, enormous effort has been devoted to improve the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation rates. Several strategies have been developed for the enhancement of the kinetic behavior of the most relevant hydride forming materials such as MgH2, MBH4 (M = Li, Ca, Mg, Na, K), MNH2 (M = Li and Mg), MBH4 + ‘MH2 (M = Li, Ca, Mg; ‘M = Li, Mg, Ca), and MNH2 + ‘MH2 (M = Li, Mg; ‘M = Li). Tuning the kinetic behavior of these hydride forming materials involves different approaches and their combinations. The most relevant approaches are: (1) improving the microstructural refinement via mechanical milling, (2) doping with transition metal and transition metal compounds, (3) forming in situ catalyst, and (4) nanoconfining doped hydride forming materials. Herein, basic concepts about the chemical reaction for the hydride compound formation/decomposition, thermodynamics, kinetics, and applied strategies to enhance the kinetic behavior of hydride compounds and systems are comprehensively described and discussed

Tuning LiBH4 for hydrogen storage: Destabilization, additive, and nanoconfinement approaches

Hydrogen technology has become essential to fulfill our mobile and stationary energy needs in a global low-carbon energy system. The non-renewability of fossil fuels and the increasing environmental problems caused by our fossil fuel-running economy have led to our efforts towards the application of hydrogen as an energy vector. However, the development of volumetric and gravimetric efficient hydrogen storage media is still to be addressed. LiBH4 is one of the most interesting media to store hydrogen as a compound due to its large gravimetric (18.5 wt.%) and volumetric (121 kgH2/m3) hydrogen densities. In this review, we focus on some of the main explored approaches to tune the thermodynamics and kinetics of LiBH4: (I) LiBH4 + MgH2 destabilized system, (II) metal and metal hydride added LiBH4, (III) destabilization of LiBH4 by rare-earth metal hydrides, and (IV) the nanoconfinement of LiBH4 and destabilized LiBH4 hydride systems. Thorough discussions about the reaction pathways, destabilizing and catalytic effects of metals and metal hydrides, novel synthesis processes of rare earth destabilizing agents, and all the essential aspects of nanoconfinement are led.Fil: Puszkiel, Julián Atilio. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia de Área de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Nuclear. Gerencia de Investigación Aplicada CAB. Departamento Fisicoquímica de Materiales; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Gasnier, Aurelien. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia de Área de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Nuclear. Gerencia de Investigación Aplicada CAB. Departamento Fisicoquímica de Materiales; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Amica, Guillermina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia de Área de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Nuclear. Gerencia de Investigación Aplicada CAB. Departamento Fisicoquímica de Materiales; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Gennari, Fabiana Cristina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia de Área de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Nuclear. Gerencia de Investigación Aplicada CAB. Departamento Fisicoquímica de Materiales; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentin

CO2 reactivity with Mg2NiH4 synthesized by: In situ monitoring of mechanical milling

CO2 capture and conversion are a key research field for the transition towards an economy only based on renewable energy sources. In this regard, hydride materials are a potential option for CO2 methanation since they can provide hydrogen and act as a catalytic species. In this work, Mg2NiH4 complex hydride is synthesized by in situ monitoring of mechanical milling under a hydrogen atmosphere from a 2MgH2:Ni stoichiometric mixture. Temperature and pressure evolution is monitored, and the material is characterized, during milling in situ, thus providing a good insight into the synthesis process. The cubic polymorph of Mg2NiH4 (S.G. Fm3m) starts to be formed in the early beginning of the mechanical treatment due to the mechanical stress induced by the milling process. Then, after 25 hours of milling, Mg2NiH4 with a monoclinic (S.G. C12/c1) structure appears. The formation of the monoclinic polymorph is most likely related to the stress release that follows the continuous refinement of the material's microstructure. At the end of the milling process, after 60 hours, the as-milled material is composed of 90.8 wt% cubic Mg2NiH4, 5.7 wt% monoclinic Mg2NiH4, and 3.5 wt% remnant Ni. The as-milled Mg2NiH4 shows high reactivity for CO2 conversion into CH4. Under static conditions at 400 °C for 5 hours, the interactions between as-milled Mg2NiH4 and CO2 result in total CO2 consumption and in the formation of the catalytic system Ni-MgNi2-Mg2Ni/MgO. Experimental evidence and thermodynamic equilibrium calculations suggest that the global methanation mechanism takes place through the adsorption of C and the direct solid gasification towards CH4 formation.Fil: Grasso, María Laura. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia de Área de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Nuclear. Gerencia de Investigación Aplicada CAB. Departamento Fisicoquímica de Materiales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Puszkiel, Julián Atilio. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia de Área de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Nuclear. Gerencia de Investigación Aplicada CAB. Departamento Fisicoquímica de Materiales; Argentina. Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH; Alemania. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Gennari, Fabiana Cristina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia de Área de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Nuclear. Gerencia de Investigación Aplicada CAB. Departamento Fisicoquímica de Materiales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Santoru, Antonio. Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH; AlemaniaFil: Dornheim, Martin. Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH; AlemaniaFil: Pistidda, Claudio. Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH; Alemani

CO2 reutilization for methane production: Via a catalytic process promoted by hydrides

CO2 emissions have been continuously increasing during the last half of the century with a relevant impact on the planet and are the main contributor to the greenhouse effect and global warming. The development of new technologies to mitigate these emissions poses a challenge. Herein, the recycling of CO2 to produce CH4 selectively by using Mg2FeH6 and Mg2NiH4 complex hydrides as dual conversion promoters and hydrogen sources has been demonstrated. Magnesium-based metal hydrides containing Fe and Ni catalyzed the hydrogenation of CO2 and their total conversion was obtained at 400 °C after 5 h and 10 h, respectively. The complete hydrogenation of CO2 depended on the complex hydride, H2:CO2 mol ratio, and experimental conditions: temperature and time. For both hydrides, the activation of CO2 on the metal surface and its subsequent capture resulted in the formation of MgO. Investigations on the Mg2FeH6-CO2 system indicated that the main process occurs via the reversed water-gas shift reaction (WGSR), followed by the methanation of CO in the presence of steam. In contrast, the reduction of CO2 by the Mg-based hydride in the Mg2NiH4-CO2 system has a strong contribution to the global process. Complex metal hydrides are promising dual promoter-hydrogen sources for CO2 recycling and conversion into valuable fuels such as CH4.Fil: Grasso, María Laura. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia de Área de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Nuclear. Gerencia de Investigación Aplicada CAB. Departamento Fisicoquímica de Materiales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Puszkiel, Julián Atilio. Helmholtz zentrum Geesthacht; Alemania. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia de Área de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Nuclear. Gerencia de Investigación Aplicada CAB. Departamento Fisicoquímica de Materiales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Fernández Albanesi, Luisa Francisca. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia de Área de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Nuclear. Gerencia de Investigación Aplicada CAB. Departamento Fisicoquímica de Materiales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Dornheim, Martin. Helmholtz zentrum Geesthacht; AlemaniaFil: Pistidda, Claudio. Helmholtz zentrum Geesthacht; AlemaniaFil: Gennari, Fabiana Cristina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia de Área de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Nuclear. Gerencia de Investigación Aplicada CAB. Departamento Fisicoquímica de Materiales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentin

Designing an Ab2-type alloy (TIZr-CrMNMO) for the hybrid hydrogen storage concept

The hybrid hydrogen storage method consists of the combination of both solid-state metal hydrides and gas hydrogen storage. This method is regarded as a promising trade-off solution between the already developed high-pressure storage reservoir, utilized in the automobile industry, and solid-state storage through the formation of metal hydrides. Therefore, it is possible to lower the hydrogen pressure and to increase the hydrogen volumetric density. In this work, we design a non-stoichiometric AB2 C14-Laves alloy composed of (Ti0.9Zr0.1)1.25Cr0.85Mn1.1Mo0.05. This alloy is synthesized by arc-melting, and the thermodynamic and kinetic behaviors are evaluated in a high-pressure Sieverts apparatus. Proper thermodynamic parameters are obtained in the range of temperature and pressure from 3 to 85 ◦C and from 15 to 500 bar: ∆Habs. = 22 ± 1 kJ/mol H2, ∆Sabs. = 107 ± 2 J/K mol H2, and ∆Hdes. = 24 ± 1 kJ/mol H2, ∆Sdes. = 110 ± 3 J/K mol H2. The addition of 10 wt.% of expanded natural graphite (ENG) allows the improvement of the heat transfer properties, showing a reversible capacity of about 1.5 wt.%, cycling stability and hydrogenation/dehydrogenation times between 25 to 70 s. The feasibility for the utilization of the designed material in a high-pressure tank is also evaluated, considering practical design parameters.Fil: Puszkiel, Julián Atilio. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht; Alemania. Instituto de Investigaciones Energéticas de Cataluña; España. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia de Área de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Nuclear. Gerencia de Investigación Aplicada CAB. Departamento Fisicoquímica de Materiales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Bellosta von Colbe, José M.. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht; AlemaniaFil: Jepsen, Julian. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht; Alemania. Helmut Schmidt University; AlemaniaFil: Mitrokhin, Sergey V.. Lomonosov Moscow State University; RusiaFil: Movlaev, Elshad. Lomonosov Moscow State University; RusiaFil: Verbetsky, Victor. Lomonosov Moscow State University; RusiaFil: Klassen, Thomas. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht; Alemania. Helmut Schmidt University; Alemani

Enhancement effect of bimetallic amide K2Mn(NH2)4 and in-situ formed KH and Mn4N on the dehydrogenation/hydrogenation properties of Li–Mg–N–H system

In this work, we investigated the influence of the K2Mn(NH2)4 additive on the hydrogen sorption properties of the Mg(NH2)2 + 2LiH (Li–Mg–N–H) system. The addition of 5 mol% of K2Mn(NH2)4 to the Li–Mg–N–H system leads to a decrease of the dehydrogenation peak temperature from 200 ◦C to 172 ◦C compared to the pristine sample. This sample exhibits a constant hydrogen storage capacity of 4.2 wt.% over 25 dehydrogenation/rehydrogenation cycles. Besides that, the in-situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction analysis performed on the as prepared Mg(NH2)2 + 2LiH containing K2Mn(NH2)4 indicates the presence of Mn4N. However, no crystalline K-containing phases were detected. Upon dehydrogenation, the formation of KH is observed. The presence of KH and Mn4N positively influences the hydrogen sorption properties of this system, especially at the later stage of rehydrogenation. Under the applied conditions, hydrogenation of the last 1 wt.% takes place in only 2 min. This feature is preserved in the following three cycles.Fil: Gizer, Gökhan. Helmholtz zentrum Geesthacht; AlemaniaFil: Cao, Hujun. Helmholtz zentrum Geesthacht; Alemania. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de ChinaFil: Puszkiel, Julián Atilio. Helmholtz zentrum Geesthacht; Alemania. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Pistidda, Claudio. Helmholtz zentrum Geesthacht; AlemaniaFil: Santoru, Antonio. Helmholtz zentrum Geesthacht; AlemaniaFil: Zhang, Weijin. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de ChinaFil: He, Teng. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de ChinaFil: Chen, Ping. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de ChinaFil: Klassen, Thomas. Helmholtz zentrum Geesthacht; Alemania. Helmut Schmidt Universität; ArgentinaFil: Dornheim, Martin. Helmholtz zentrum Geesthacht; Alemani

Fundamental material properties of the 2LiBH4-MgH2 reactive hydride composite for hydrogen storage: (I) Thermodynamic and heat transfer properties

Thermodynamic and heat transfer properties of the 2LiBH4-MgH2 composite (Li-RHC) system are experimentally determined and studied as a basis for the design and development of hydrogen storage tanks. Besides the determination and discussion of the properties, different measurement methods are applied and compared to each other. Regarding thermodynamics, reaction enthalpy and entropy are determined by pressure-concentration-isotherms and coupled manometric-calorimetric measurements. For thermal diffusivity calculation, the specific heat capacity is measured by high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry and the effective thermal conductivity is determined by the transient plane source technique and in situ thermocell. Based on the results obtained from the thermodynamics and the assessment of the heat transfer properties, the reaction mechanism of the Li-RHC and the issues related to the scale-up for larger hydrogen storage systems are discussed in detail.Fil: Jepsen, Julian. Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; AlemaniaFil: Milanese, Chiara. University of Pavia; ItaliaFil: Puszkiel, Julián Atilio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; AlemaniaFil: Girella, Alessandro. University of Pavia; ItaliaFil: Schiavo, Benedetto. Universidad de Palermo; Argentina. Istituto per le Tecnologie Avanzate; ItaliaFil: Lozano, Gustavo A.. Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Alemania. BASF; AlemaniaFil: Capurso, Giovanni. Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; AlemaniaFil: Von Colbe, José M. Bellosta. Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; AlemaniaFil: Marini, Amedeo. University of Pavia; ItaliaFil: Kabelac, Stephan. Leibniz Universität Hannover; AlemaniaFil: Dornheim, Martin. Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; AlemaniaFil: Klassen, Thomas. Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Alemani

Fundamental material properties of the 2LiBH4-MgH2 reactive hydride composite for hydrogen storage: (II) Kinetic properties

Reaction kinetic behaviour and cycling stability of the 2LiBH4-MgH2 reactive hydride composite (Li-RHC) are experimentally determined and analysed as a basis for the design and development of hydrogen storage tanks. In addition to the determination and discussion about the properties; different measurement methods are applied and compared. The activation energies for both hydrogenation and dehydrogenation are determined by the Kissinger method and via the fitting of solid-state reaction kinetic models to isothermal volumetric measurements. Furthermore, the hydrogen absorption-desorption cycling stability is assessed by titration measurements. Finally, the kinetic behaviour and the reversible hydrogen storage capacity of the Li-RHC are discussed.Fil: Jepsen, Julian. Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung; AlemaniaFil: Milanese, Chiara. Università degli Studi di Pavia; ItaliaFil: Puszkiel, Julián Atilio. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung; Alemania. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Girella, Alessandro. Università degli Studi di Pavia; ItaliaFil: Schiavo, Benedetto. Università degli Studi di Palermo; ItaliaFil: Lozano, Gustavo A.. Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung; AlemaniaFil: Capurso, Giovanni. Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung; AlemaniaFil: Von Colbe, José M. Bellosta. Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung; AlemaniaFil: Marini, Amedeo. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Kabelac, Stephan. Leibniz Universität Hannover; AlemaniaFil: Dornheim, Martin. Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung; AlemaniaFil: Klassen, Thomas. Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung; Alemani

Efficient synthesis of alkali borohydrides from mechanochemical reduction of borates using magnesium-aluminum-basedwaste

Lithium borohydride (LiBH4) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) were synthesized via mechanical milling of LiBO2, and NaBO2 with Mg-Al-based waste under controlled gaseous atmosphere conditions. Following this approach, the results herein presented indicate that LiBH4 and NaBH4 can be formed with a high conversion yield starting from the anhydrous borates under 70 bar H2. Interestingly, NaBH4 can also be obtained with a high conversion yield by milling NaBO2·4H2O and Mg-Al-based waste under an argon atmosphere. Under optimized molar ratios of the starting materials and milling parameters, NaBH4 and LiBH4 were obtained with conversion ratios higher than 99.5%. Based on the collected experimental results, the influence of the milling energy and the correlation with the final yields were also discussed.Fil: Le, Thi Thu. Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH. Institute of Materials Research, Materials Technology; AlemaniaFil: Pistidda, Claudio. Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH. Institute of Materials Research, Materials Technology; AlemaniaFil: Puszkiel, Julián Atilio. Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH. Institute of Materials Research, Materials Technology; Alemania. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Milanese, Chiara. Universita Degli Studi Di Pavia; ItaliaFil: Garroni, Sebastiano. University of Sassari; ItaliaFil: Emmler, Thomas. Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH. Institute of Materials Research, Materials Technology; AlemaniaFil: Capurso, Giovanni. Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH. Institute of Materials Research, Materials Technology; AlemaniaFil: Gizer, Gökhan. Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH. Institute of Materials Research, Materials Technology; AlemaniaFil: Klassen, Thomas. Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH. Institute of Materials Research, Materials Technology; Alemania. Helmut Schmidt University; Alemania. University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg; AlemaniaFil: Dornheim, Martin. Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH. Institute of Materials Research, Materials Technology; Alemani

Influence of milling parameters on the sorption properties of the LiH-MgB2 system doped with TiCl3

Abstract Hydrogen sorption properties of the LiH-MgB2 system doped with TiCl3 were investigated with respect to milling conditions (milling times, ball to powder (BTP) ratios, rotation velocities and degrees of filling) to form the reactive hydride composite (RHC) LiBH4-MgH2. A heuristic model was applied to approximate the energy transfer from the mill to the powders. These results were linked to experimentally obtained quantities such as crystallite size, specific surface area (SSA) and homogeneity of the samples, using X-ray diffraction (XRD), the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The results show that at approximately 20 kJ g-1 there are no further benefits to the system with an increase in energy transfer. This optimum energy transfer value indicates that a plateau was reached for MgB2 crystallite size therefore the there was also no improvement of reaction kinetics due to no change in crystallite size. Therefore, this study shows that an optimum energy transfer value was reached for the LiH-MgB2 system doped with TiCl3.Fil: Busch, Nina. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht; AlemaniaFil: Jepsen, Julian. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht; AlemaniaFil: Pistidda, Claudio. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht; AlemaniaFil: Puszkiel, Julián Atilio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Karimi, Fahim. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht; AlemaniaFil: Milanese, Chiara. Universita degli Studi di Pavia; ItaliaFil: Tolkiehn, Martin. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht; AlemaniaFil: Chaudhary, Anna Lisa. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht; AlemaniaFil: Klassen, Thomas. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht; AlemaniaFil: Dornheim, Martin. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht; Alemani