Panar Society and Migration Theory on the Day the Land Blossomed

A man who lived a nomadic life later learned to live permanently in one place. He set up his abode in the fertile areas of those places and established a stable life. There were changes in his thinking in the settled area. Many literatures emerged through various exchanges of ideas. Literary exchanges have taken place in Tamil and Malayalam, which are considered to be the twin children of Dravidian languages. In that way, Sangha literature is still proclaiming the antiquity of Tamil. Focusing on such special and unique Sangha literary messages, Manojkurur has created a new literature in Malayalam language called Nilam Bhuthu Melaranda Naan, which is considered as a literary genre that is loved by everyone nowadays. This work has been translated into Tamil by Jayashree, who is considered to be the best translator in modern times. This work is entirely centered on the life of Panars. Exploring the lifestyles of people like Kolumban, Seerai, Chitrai, Maylan etc. belonging to Panar community, and knowing the hardships they face in the context of Panar meeting various kings and Vallals for a day's food. Due to poverty, Kolumban goes to Ezhimalai area and the situation where Kolumban is killed by his son Mylan due to political intrigues of the Panars who are engaged in gambling shows the disgrace of the Panar community. The purpose of this article is to study how poverty creates a killing environment in human society and how economic conditions change one's living conditions. By studying in this way, Panar society can be understood very subtly

Generation Y As Organ Donor: Informational And Supportive Influence Of Socialization Agents On Attitude Towards Organ Donation

Organ donation is a health issue which involves a process of an individual freely giving consent to donate organs or tissue for very ill or dying recipients. In Malaysia, the notion of organ donation has been facilitated by many government authorities since 1970s. However, recent statistics show that the number of patients requiring donated organs far outnumbers the donors. The unwillingness to donate is commonly associated with spiritual beliefs, myths, misunderstanding, lack of knowledge and lack of trust. Most of the studies conducted in Malaysia highlighted the reasons impeding Malaysians to become donors rather than looking at the aspect of communication that influences the attitude of the potential organ donor. Thus, this study is designed to focus on the values and norms which are commonly transmitted by the socialization agents that consist of parents, peers, educational institution, traditional mass media and new media, which are presumed to have significant effects on behaviour development of the potential donor towards organ donation. Particularly, this research attempted to examine the influence of these socialization agents on Generation Y’s attitude formation towards organ donation. Generation Y was selected based on the conclusion made by previous scholars that this group of individuals is at the stage of discovering themselves on how to fit into society and the social world, where they mostly consume ideas from their socialization agents to achieve their life goals. The study employed quantitative method using survey questionnaire. Individuals were chosen based on non-probability sampling and the age range was between 18-24 years old. The socialization agents were measured in terms of informational and supportive influence. The findings of this study indicated that the supportive influence from all the agents of socialization affected the attitude of Generation Y and parents appeared as the most influential agent. However, their attitude was negatively correlated with the intention to sign up as an organ donor. The implications for social marketers were also discussed

Tukey Regressive Hoover Indexed Deep Shift-Invariant Neural Network for Student Behavior Prediction

Prediction of student performance in the academic field creates significant challenges in developing reliable and accurate diagnosis models. Through the use of online learning behavior data, this paper may assist teachers in identifying students with learning challenges in advance and providing timely assistance. A novel technique called Tukey Regressive Hoover indexed Deep Shift Invariant Structure Neural Network (TRHIDSISNN) Model is introduced for student behaviour analysis with lesser time consumption. Initially, the student data and features are collected and transmitted to the input layer. After that, the features of collected student data are analyzed in hidden layer 1 with help of the Tukey Regression. The correlation between one or more independent features is identified to find the dependent feature. The relevant features are sent to the hidden layer 2. In that layer, the Hoover index is applied for analyzing the training and testing features. Finally, the hidden layer result is sent to the output layer where the hyperbolic tangent activation function is used to classify the data that belongs to that particular class. Based on the classification, the student grade level is predicted as high, medium and low based on their behavior gets displayed. Experimental assessment is carried out using different parameters such as prediction accuracy, false-positive rate, prediction time, and space complexity with respect to the number of student data.  The discussed results show that when compared to state-of-the-art approaches, the suggested TRHIDSISNN model achieves higher accuracy with shorter prediction times

Use of infrared thermography imaging for assessing heat tolerance in high and low iron pearl millet lines

In the arid regions of Asia and Africa, pearl millet serves as a staple source of dietary energy and mineral micronutrients for millions of people. These regions are more vulnerable to increased temperature. The availability of rapid and efficient screening tools based on the relevant non-destructive quantifiable traits would facilitate pearl millet improvement for heat tolerance. The objective of this study was to evaluate pearl millet lines with contrast micronutrients for heat tolerance using infrared thermal imaging, a rapid proxy-canopy (panicle and flag leaf) temperature measurement. Results showed the highly significant genotypic differences between high-Fe and low-Fe genotypes for grain Fe and Zn densities and agronomic traits. Both high-Fe and low-Fe group genotypes differed significantly for panicle temperature depression (PTD) during high- vapor deficit (VPD) at stigma stage (3.0 to 6.73°C). PTD values were positive across all genotypes during stigma stage and were very low or negative during the low-VPD. Cooler canopy temperature (high-PTD) was observed during stigma stage rather than seed-set stage at higher-VPD in both high-Fe and low-Fe genotypes. The cooler temperature achieved by panicle might be helpful in maintaining stigma receptivity for longer periods in the female parents, whereas in male parents it might be helpful in maintaining pollen viability for longer periods. Flag leaf temperature (FTD) was cooler than PTD at both high-VPD and low-VPD as well in both stigma (less by 2.1°C) and grain-filling stage (less by 2.7°C), again signifying that the reproductive parts are more prone to heat stress as compared to vegetative parts. Since, thermal imaging discriminates the heat stress and non-stress canopies, this can serve as a proxy canopy temperature tool for heat stress tolerance screening in pearl millet

Energy Efficient Multi-hop routing scheme using Taylor based Gravitational Search Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

A group of small sensors can participate in the wireless network infrastructure and make appropriate transmission and communication sensor networks. There are numerous uses for drones, including military, medical, agricultural, and atmospheric monitoring. The power sources available to nodes in WSNs are restricted. Furthermore, because of this, a diverse method of energy availability is required, primarily for communication over a vast distance, for which Multi-Hop (MH) systems are used. Obtaining the optimum routing path between nodes is still a significant problem, even when multi-hop systems reduce the cost of energy needed by every node along the way. As a result, the number of transmissions must be kept to a minimum to provide effective routing and extend the system\u27s lifetime. To solve the energy problem in WSN, Taylor based Gravitational Search Algorithm (TBGSA) is proposed, which combines the Taylor series with a Gravitational search algorithm to discover the best hops for multi-hop routing. Initially, the sensor nodes are categorised as groups or clusters and the maximum capable node can access the cluster head the next action is switching between multiple nodes via a multi-hop manner. Initially, the best (CH) Cluster Head is chosen using the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm, and then the data is transmitted utilizing multi-hop routing. The comparison result shows out the extension of networks longevity of the proposed method with the existing EBMRS, MOGA, and DMEERP methods. The network lifetime of the proposed method increased by 13.2%, 21.9% and 29.2% better than DMEERP, MOGA, and EBMRS respectively

Implement Using KY Converter for Hybrid Renewable Energy Applications: Design, Analysis, and Implementation

This chapter mainly focuses on meeting the energy demand and methodologies of renewable energy. Nowadays, researchers are mainly focusing on renewable energy from the sun, wind, biomass, etc. due to energy crises and the lack of non-renewable energy. The potential for solar energy is high and this demand can best be met with hybrid systems, which can provide an uninterruptible power supply. This chapter looks at the performance metrics of hybrid energy as well as the methodologies and various control techniques connected with power management. The chapter also defines the photovoltaic (PV)-based, novel, dual KY boost converter. Dual PV sources act as input for the dual KY boost converter to generate as much energy as possible from the dual PV system, using the inverter module to produce single-phase alternating current output. A dual KY boost converter can provide higher maximum power, a faster response, and smaller voltage ripple. KY boost converters are designed to generate stable output values according to various conditions because of various control techniques and the maximum power point tracking control algorithm

Design and Development of Automatic Weed Detection and Removal System

Most important approach of plant life is weed handling. Herbicides are used all over the world to control agricultural weeds now a day. Moreover practical weed controlling is done by labors and using these herbicides. In this paper automatic weed detection and removal systems was proposed to avoid the problems like herbicides staying in the agricultural fields, which leads to also an environment problem and livings of human beings. To detect and differentiate the weeds from the crop, machine vision system has been used. Two basic designs of mechanical methods are used to automatically remove weeds from the seedline. That is a mechanical rotary weeder is used to remove weeds from the inter rows and torsion weeder which removes the weeds from the within rows. This system design is based on the design of torsion weeder. The above system is designed to avoid the consumption of herbicides in the agriculture area and to replace the manpower

Modeling the CD4 decline in HIV with Low Cost Predictors for Effective HIV Management in Resource Poor Settings

INTRODUCTION: Human immunodeficiency virus type1 is a primary cause of AIDS, which is a slow and degenerative disease of human immune system. The pathogenesis of HIV-1 is complex and characterized by interplay of both host and viral factors. Most researchers believe that HIV originated in sub-Saharan Africa during 20th century and is now a pandemic, with an estimated 33.2 million people now living with the disease worldwide. As of January 2006, the United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized on June 5, 19812, making it one of the most destructive epidemics in recorded history. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY: 1. To integrate the different ways of HIV classification and to develop a classification model which will be more relevant for resource limited settings. 2. To study the interrelationship between the cheaply available markers, (Hb & TLC) with CD4 and to develop a model for “CD4 decline in HIV” for therapeutic decision making. 3. To derive an algorithm based on HGB and TLC measurement for guide to initiation of ART 4. To review the molecular strategies against target in HIV replication cycle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Instruments Required: (1) Sysmex Kx-21 – Automatic Blood Content Analyzer. (2) Flow Cytometer- Becton Dickinson _ CD4 Counter. Protocol for Complete blood Count: HIV patients Blood (iv source). b) Diluation: 20μl blood diluted with 300μl cell pack which contains, HGB/WBC lyse reagent – Stromolyser, cell clean- detergent and diluent by machine itself. c) Detection: HGB Detected by photo electric method using 540nm Principle behind it is Cyanomethaemoglobin method. d) Determination of HGB: Direct reading from report. e) Determination of TLC: Multiply the WBC with lymphocyte % obtained from reading. Protocol for CD4 count: a) Sample: Peripheral blood of HIV patients. collect into EDTA coated tubes (367856, Becton and Dickinson). Mix thoroughly with the anti coagulant by gently inverting the tube .about 8-10 mts. b) Cell staining: Add 20μl of antibody (stand) to 50μl of blood sample gently mix it by vortexer. Incubate the sample in the dark for 15mts c) Fixation and rbc analysis: 450μl of IX lysis buffer to each sample.vortex it and incubate for 15mts. Add 25 μl of fluorescent beads to each sample. d) Calibration of the flow cytometer. e) Detection: - FACS method. f) Determination of CD4 = Gated cell count × Bead count per test. Gated bead count Test volume. METHODOLOGY: Data collection: Collection of data from out sources; Data of demographic, general, clinical characteristics and laboratory profile of HIV positive patients in all stages, collected and reviewed from net sources to find out the changes of the marker trend in all stages of HIV and analyzed their symptoms persist in different stages of disease. Collection of Existing data: Comparison of results obtained from analysis of net sources with experimental work or existing work is essential for conclude the research work. Due to limitation and precaution of handling of HIV patient’s blood, existing work collected for further analysis. Data of 50 HIV +ve patients include general characteristics, clinical profile and lab parameters collected from their records in all departments in 500 bedded multi speciality private tertiary care teaching hospital. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: HIV infection is associated with numerous co morbidities and opportunistic infection. It affects total immune system of human. Deterioration of immunological parameters is widely used as predictor as well as prognostic marker. Current recommendations of initiating HAART is based on CD4 count decline. But cost of each test is so high in resource poor settings. So searching of alternative low cost predictors in HIV progression is paramount important in HIV infection for poor resource settings. Symptoms also important thing in HIV patients. WHO grouped the symptoms into 4 categories and CDC grouped the symptoms into 3 categories, which includes changes of marker trend into this; it will come into seven categories. This integrated model helps us to categorize the HIV patient where they are falling in HIV age and can able to predict the CD4 count for HIV patients from TLC measurement, Hemoglobin measurement and combined effect of these two measurements. From our analysis correlation of both Hemoglobin and total lymphocyte count with CD4 are significant. We conclude that TLC and HGB are good predictors for HIV progression in resource limited settings, also combined effect of both is high compared than Individual

Physiological and genetic deciphering of water, salinity and relative humidity stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an important cool-season, food legume crop, is known to be sensitive to several abiotic stresses: drought, salinity and heat. The yield losses caused by these stresses are accounted to 6.4 million tonnes (t)/ year on global production. To improve any existing cultivar and harness the genetic regions involved in the tolerance it is important to understand the genetic and physiological mechanisms that underlie any tolerance. The objectives of this study were to (i) understanding the effect of either water deficit or salt stress on the reproductive biology of genotypes know to contrast for either salt or drought stress and (ii) construction of genetic map and identification of QTLs and candidate genes for salinity tolerance in 188 RILs derived from the ICCV 2 × JG 11 cross. In the water deficit study conducted in two consecutive years, ten genotypes with contrasting yields under terminal drought stress in the field were exposed to a gradual, but similar, water stress in the glasshouse. Nine parameters related to yield were recorded in wellwatered plants (WW) and in water-stressed plants (WS) when the level of deficit was mild (phase I), and when the stress was severe (phase II). The WS treatment reduced seed yield, seed and pod number, but not flower + pod + seed abortion percentage or 100-seed weight. The controlled drought imposition in glass house conditions revealed genotypic differences inthe sensitivity of the reproductive process to drought. The seed yield differences in chickpea were largely related to the capacity to produce a large number of flowers and to set seeds, especially when the degree of water deficit was mild. In the salinity experiments, fourteen genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) were used to study yield parameters, and eight genotypes were selected for ion analysis after being grown in soil treated with 0 mM and 80 mM NaCl, to assess any possible relationship between salt ion accumulation in different plant tissues and yield reduction. Salinity delayed flowering and the delay was greater in sensitive than tolerant genotypes under salt stress. Filled pod and seed numbers, but not seed size, were associated with seed yield in saline conditions, suggesting that salinity impaired reproductive success more in sensitive than tolerant lines. The delay in flowering was associated with higher concentrations of Na+ in the laminae of fully expanded young leaves (R2=0.61) and old green leaves (R2=0.51). Na+ accumulation in leaves was associated with delayed flowering that in turn could have played a role of the lower reproductive success in the sensitive lines. In QTL mapping for salinity tolerance, yield and components were assessed in 188 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from cross ICCV 2 × JG 11, in soil treated with either 0 mM NaCl (control) or 80 mM NaCl (salinity) over two consecutive years. Salinity significantly (P<0.05) affected almost all traits across years. The mean yield reduction under salinity compared to control was around 40% across years. A genetic map was constructed using 56 (SSR, SNP) polymorphic markers. The QTL analysis revealed two key genomic regions on CaLG05 (28.6 cM) and on CaLG07 (19.4 cM) that harboured QTLs for salinity tolerance associated traits. Two major QTLs for higher yield in the salinity treatment (explaining 12 and 17% of the phenotyping variation) wereidentified within the two key genomic regions. Comparison with already published chickpea genetic maps showed that these regions conferred salinity tolerance across two other populations and the markers can be deployed for enhancing salinity tolerance in chickpea. Based on gene ontology annotation 48 putative candidate genes responsive to salinity stress were found. Most of them were believed to be involved in achieving osmoregulation under stress conditions. In the relative humidity stress study, five genotypes that contrasting for yield under heat stress were studied. The plants were grown in three different vapor pressure deficit conditions (2.5, 3.0, 3.4 kPa) where the temperature was maintained constant (30°C) and the RH varied as 40, 30, 20% respectively. Genotypic variation found for almost all traits across treatments. The traits seed number and seed weight differentiated tolerant and sensitive group significantly at VPD conditions 2.5 and 3.0 but not in 3.4 kPa. Seed size was unaffected under 2.5 and 3.0 kPa VPD regimes but did get reduced upto 45% under 3.4 kPa treatment compared to 2.5 kPa treatment. The lowest RH treatment, even under fully well-watered condition, as any other abiotic stress reduced yield. Thus, it is important to consider the effect of low RH and the mechanisms behindits tolerance and sensitivity in future heat tolerance studies. The pollen viability or pollen in vivo germination was unaffected in this study. All the four studies have revealed that certain parameters can be used for achieving water deficit, salinity and relative humidity stress tolerance in future chickpea improvement programs

Comparison of LEACH protocol with Wormhole Attack and without Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Networks

ABSTRACT: In Wireless Sensor Networks, routing is the major concern. It comprises of small sensor nodes with limited resources. It is necessary to introduce a routing protocol to extend network life time and to reduce the power consumption in sensor nodes. LEACH is one of the most interested techniques that offer an efficient way to minimize the power consumption in sensor networks. It uses self organizing and dynamic cluster formation which makes it attractive to various routing attacks, such as Denial of Service (DoS), Black hole, Wormhole and Sybil attacks. Wormhole attack is a Denial of Service attack launched by malicious nodes. It records packets at one location and tunnels them into another location. To check the reliable operation of LEACH, implement wormhole attack and evaluated the LEACH protocol in terms of metrics like throughput, average end-to-end delay, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). The evaluation of LEACH with wormhole attack has been done with the help of NS2 simulator. Watchdog is a monitoring technique which detects the misbehaving nodes in the network. It can be implemented in LEACH. In Watchdog-LEACH, some nodes are considered as watchdogs and some changes are applied on LEACH protocol for intrusion detection. Watchdog-LEACH is able to protect against a wide range of attacks and it provides security, energy efficiency and memory efficiency. Comparison made on LEACH with wormhole attack and LEACH with watchdog shows that LEACH with watchdog achieves high throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio and low End to End Delay